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. 2019 May 15;9:7456. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43128-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Differential proliferating/differentiation state of epidermis between African and Caucasian human skin types. (a) Sections of human skin stained with HES and keratin 15, keratin 14, Ki67 and filaggrin immunofluorescence detections in epidermis for donors A1 and C1. Nuclei were counterstained with propidium iodide PI (red) or Hoechst (blue). Scale bars: 100 µm for HES and 50 µm for immunostainings (insets: 25 µm). Note that keratin 15 staining was pronounced in the deeper part of epidermal rete ridges in African skin whereas it was detected throughout the basal layer of epidermis in Caucasian skin. (b) Quantification of fluorescent detection for keratin 15, keratin 14 and filaggrin and amount of Ki67 positive cell in basal layer of epidermis in African and Caucasian skin (n = 10–12 donors per skin type). Significant difference between African and Caucasian RS group was determined using the two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test. *P ≤ 0.05.