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. 2018 Jun 19;41(2):124–131. doi: 10.1016/j.pld.2018.06.001

Table 4.

Examples of constraints to the production of a broader, more diverse and higher quality range of native seed, with potential solutions seed banking botanic gardens can provide.

Constraint	Solution
The availability of genetically-diverse, known-origin founder stock is limited.^a	• Make seed available from appropriate wild or regenerated collections. • Develop seed production areas or seed orchards. • Provide training and resources in wild seed collecting techniques.
Dormancy mechanisms or lack of propagation experience inhibit successful germination.^a^,^c^,^d^,^e	• Provide germination data and propagation protocols. • Research and develop methodologies for seed pre-treatment and priming. • Provide training and resources for propagation and establishment.
The growing requirements of some species or ecotypes are not fully understood.^a^,^d^,^e	• Laboratory and field-based studies to develop cultivation protocols for native species. • Comparative studies to detect intraspecific variation in germination and cultivation requirements.
Intraspecific diversity and genetic boundaries are not fully understood for many species, limiting the ability of collectors and producers to identify and fill gaps in provision.^a^,^b	• Studies of intraspecific diversity and population structure for priority species.
Production processes reduce the genetic diversity of regenerated seed.^b^,^c^,^h^,ⁱ	• Genetic studies to identify where diversity is lost in the production process and how this can be mitigated.
Production processes reduce the viability of regenerated seed, which may be untested.^c^,^f^,^g	• Training and technical support in seed processing and storage. • Seed testing services. • Developing and promoting standards for native seed testing (for example, ISTA, 2017). • Developing and promoting quality assurance schemes.
Market and regulatory conditions do not provide sufficient demand or lead-in time for the production of less commonly-used species or ecotypes.^b^,^d^,^e^,^j	• Provide evidence in support of the use of a broader range of native plant material. • Develop and promote best-practice guidance for those who specify and use seed. • Provide evidence and technical assistance in the development of quality assurance, accreditation

^a

MacIntyre (2017).

^b

Nevill et al. (2016).

^c

Miller et al. (2016).

^d

Ladouceur et al. (2017).

^e

Tishew et al. (2011).

^f

Ryan et al. (2008).

^g

Marin et al. (2017).

^h

Basey et al. (2015).

ⁱ

Schröder and Prasse (2013).

^j

Abbandonato et al. (2017).