Table 1.
Summary of the studies aimed at producing PHAs from whey divided by the whey pre-treatment type.
| Substrate | Type of culture | Microorganism | Culture method | Productivity1 | Type of PHA | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Whey powder supernatant + additives | Pure cultures | Alcaligenes latus | Batch culture | 0.11 g/L/h | PHB | Berwig et al., 2016 |
| Engineered cultures | Engineered Escherichia coli with Alcaligenes latus PHA biosynthesis genes | Fed-batch culture | 2.57 g/L/h; 4.6 g/L/h; 1.35 g/L/h | PHB | Ahn et al., 2000, 2001; Park et al., 2002 | |
| Engineered Escherichia coli with Cupriavidus necator PHA biosynthesis genes | Batch culture; Fed-batch culture; Fed-batch culture; Fed-batch culture; Fed-batch culture | 5.2 g/L/h; 1.408 g/L/h; 0.90 g/L/h; 0.57 g/L/h; 0.33 g/L/h | PHB | Lee et al., 1997; Wong and Lee, 1998; Kim, 2000; Farinha, 2009; Pais et al., 2014 | ||
| Engineered Escherichia coli with Azotobacter sp. PHA biosynthesis genes | Fed-batch culture | 2.13 g/L/h | PHB | Nikel et al., 2006 | ||
| MMC | Undefined | Batch culture | 0.0035 g/L/h; 0.0226 g/L/h | Not specified; PHB | Bosco and Chiampo, 2010; Carletto, 2014 | |
| Whey permeate + additives | Pure cultures | Sinorhizobium meliloti; Bacillus megaterium; Bacillus spp.; Sinorhizobium spp. | Batch culture | 0.005 g/L/h | PHB | Povolo and Casella, 2003 |
| Hydrogenophaga pseudoflava | Batch culture | 0.0039 g/L/h; 0.05 g/L/h | PHB;P-3(HB-co-HV) | Povolo and Casella, 2003; Koller et al., 2007b | ||
| Methylobacterium sp. ZP24 | Batch culture | 0.02 g/L/h | PHB | Yellore and Desai, 1998 | ||
| Engineered cultures | Engineered Cupriavidus necator with Escherichia coli lactose degradation genes | Batch culture | 0.02 g/L/h | PHB | Povolo et al., 2010 | |
| MMC | Undefined | Batch culture | 0.018 g/L/h | PHB | Carletto, 2014 | |
| Hydrolyzed whey permeate + additives | Pure cultures | Pseudomonas hydrogenovora | Fed-batch culture; Batch culture; Fed-batch culture | NS;0.03 g/L/h; 0.04 g/L/h | PHB;PHB;P-3(HB-co-HV); | Koller et al., 2006, 2007b, 2008 |
| Haloferax mediterranei | Fed-batch culture; Fed-batch culture; Batch culture; Fed-batch culture | NS; 0.14 g/L/h; 0.05 g/L/h; 0.148 g/L/h | P(3HB-co-3HV-co-4HB);P-(3HB-co-3HV)/P(3HB-co-3HV-co-4HB);P-3(HB-co-HV);P-(3HB-co-3HV) | Koller et al., 2006, 2007a,b; Koller, 2015 | ||
| Cupriavidus necator | Fed-batch culture | 0.17 g/L/h | P-(3HB-co-3HV) | Marangoni et al., 2002 | ||
| Hydrogenophaga pseudoflava | Batch culture | 0.012 g/L/h | P-3(HB-co-HV) | Koller et al., 2007b | ||
| Engineered cultures | Engineered Cupriavidus necator with Escherichia coli lactose degradation genes | Batch culture | 0.7 g/L/h | PHB | Povolo et al., 2010 | |
| Whey + additives | Pure cultures | Bacillus cereus PS-10 | Batch culture | NS | PHB | Sharma and Bajaj, 2015 |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Batch culture | 0.005 g/L/h | Diverse | Singh and Mallick, 2009 | ||
| Fermented whey powder permeate | MMC | Undefined | Fed-batch culture; Fed-batch culture; Batch culture; Fed-Batch culture | 0.56 g/L/h; 0.25 g/L/h; 0.80 Cmol/Cmol; 0.204 g/L/h | P-3(HB-co-HV) | Duque et al., 2014; Oliveira et al., 2017; Carvalho et al., 2018; Domingos et al., 2018 |
| Whey supernatant + additives | Pure cultures | Bacillus megaterium | Batch culture | 0.06 g/L/h | PHB | Obruca et al., 2011 |
| Thermus thermophilus HB8 | Batch culture | 0.023 g/L/h | Diverse | Pantazaki et al., 2009 | ||
| Methylobacterium sp. ZP24 | Batch culture | 0.12 g/L/h | PHB | Yellore and Desai, 1998 | ||
| Fermented whey supernatant | MMC | Undefined | Fed-batch culture | 0.42 mg CODPHA mg/CODSS | PHB/P-3(HB-co-HV) | Colombo et al., 2016 |
| Fermented whey powder | MMC | Undefined | Fed-batch culture | 0.68 gCOD/gCOD; 0.6 Cmol PHA/Cmol Substrate | P-3(HB-co-HV) | Gouveia et al., 2017; Fradinho et al., 2019 |
| Fermented whey permeate + additives | MMC | Undefined | Fed-batch culture | 0.59 gCODPHA/gCODSubstrate | P-3(HB-co-HV) | Janarthanan et al., 2016 |
| Hydrolyzed whey + additives | Pure cultures | Halomonas halophila | Batch cultures | 0.05 g/L/h | PHB | Kucera et al., 2018 |
| Whey/whey supernatant | Pure cultures | Methylobacterium sp. ZP24 | Fed-batch culture | 0.08 g/L/h | PHB | Nath et al., 2008 |
| Hydrolyzed whey powder supernatant + additives | Pure cultures | Haloferax mediterranei | Batch culture | 0.16 g/L/h | P(3HB-co-3HV) | Pais et al., 2016 |
| Fermented whey powder supernatant + additives | MMC | Undefined | Batch culture | 0.46 CODPHA/gCODSubstrat | P(3HB-co-3HV) | Valentino et al., 2015 |
| Whey powder + additives | Engineered cultures | Engineered Escherichia coli with Cupriavidus necator PHA biosynthesis genes | Fed-batch culture | 1.4 g/L/h | PHB | Wong and Lee, 1998 |
1Values refer to the best yields obtained for PHA production from whey in each article. To facilitate comparison, when necessary, calculations were performed to arrive at values in g/L/h. Otherwise, we report the values as presented in the cited work. NS, not specified.