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Mechanisms involved in health effects of the ketogenic diet (KD), caloric restriction (CR), and fasting. The size of the arrows is related to the relative effect of KD (orange), CR (blue), and fasting (green) on the different pathways involved (IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor-1; Murf2: Muscle-specific RING finger-2; Nf-kB:nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells).
