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. 2019 Apr 16;11(4):346. doi: 10.3390/v11040346

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The mechanisms of humoral response modulation towards HA stem domain. If regular HA (top left) is used as an immunogen, the dominant antibody response is directed towards the head domain (dark red). Immunization with hyperglycosylated HA head (complex glycans colored bright green) or sequential immunization with dissimilar head (olive green, dark red, bright blue), identical stem (dim gray) constructs (top middle), or physically separated stem (top right) all result in anti-stem dominated Ab responses.