Table 2.
Multivariate analyses of associations between the score of frequency of use (SU) of added sugar, salt, and fat from the beginning of complementary feeding until 10 months of life, and infant feeding and caregiving practices (n = 10,159).
| Sugar | Salt | Fat | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) | p-Value | β (95% CI) | p-Value | β (95% CI) | p-Value | |
| Infant feeding practices | ||||||
| Breastfeeding duration | 0.001 | 0.0004 | <0.0001 | |||
| never breastfed | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| 0–2 months | 0.03 (0.01; 0.05) | 0.03 (0.01; 0.05) | 0.05 (0.02; 0.09) | |||
| 2–6 months | 0.03 (0.01; 0.05) | 0.02 (0; 0.04) | 0.07 (0.03; 0.11) | |||
| ≥6 months | 0.04 (0.02; 0.06) | 0.05 (0.02; 0.07) | 0.23 (0.19; 0.27) | |||
| Age at complementary feeding introduction | 0.0004 | 0.03 | <0.0001 | |||
| <4 months | 0.03 (0.02; 0.05) | 0.03 (0.01; 0.04) | −0.09 (−0.13; −0.06) | |||
| 4-6 months | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| >6 months | −0.02 (−0.04; 0.003) | 0.003 (−0.02; 0.03) | 0.04 (−0.004; 0.08) | |||
| SU of commercial baby food | −0.003 (−0.01; 0.01) | 0.46 | −0.01 (−0.02; −0.005) | 0.002 | −0.07 (−0.09; −0.06) | <0.0001 |
| Informational sources about infant caregiving | ||||||
| Family * | 0.02 | 0.22 | 0.01 | |||
| Yes | 0.02 (0.003; 0.03) | 0.01 (−0.01; 0.03) | −0.04 (−0.06; −0.01) | |||
| Media * | 0.15 | 0.18 | <0.0001 | |||
| Yes | −0.01 (−0.02; 0.004) | −0.01 (−0.03; 0.01) | 0.07 (0.04; 0.10) | |||
| Health professionals * | 0.60 | 0.75 | 0.79 | |||
| Yes | 0.01 (-0.02; 0.03) | −0.004 (−0.03; 0.02) | −0.01 (−0.06; 0.04) | |||
| Maternal personal experience * | 0.045 | 0.21 | 0.78 | |||
| Yes | 0.02 (0; 0.04) | −0.01 (−0.03; 0.01) | −0.01 (−0.04; 0.03) | |||
| Infant caregiving practices | ||||||
| Maternal concern about her child’s health | 0.34 | 0.23 | 0.93 | |||
| No concern | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Feeding issues | 0.01 (−0.01; 0.02) | −0.01 (−0.02; 0.01) | −0.01 (−0.04; 0.02) | |||
| Other issues | −0.04 (−0.10; 0.03) | 0.01 (−0.06; 0.08) | −0.01 (−0.14; 0.12) | |||
| Maternal reaction when her child did not eat much | 0.01 | 0.004 | 0.98 | |||
| “insisted or proposed later” | 0.01 (−0.004; 0.03) | 0.02 (0.01; 0.04) | 0 (−0.03; 0.03) | |||
| “it never happened” | −0.02 (−0.04; −0.004) | −0.01 (−0.03; 0.01) | −0.002 (−0.04; 0.03) | |||
| “did not insist” | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
In bold: significant variable (p < 0.05). The SU of an ingredient was calculated as the mean frequency of use from the complementary feeding introduction to 10 months. Each month, the parents ranked the use as 0: never, 1: sometimes, 2: often, 3: always or almost always. Consequently, for a given infant, the potential minimal score could be zero, which means that the infant never received the ingredient from the CFI age to 10 months. The potential maximal score could be 3, which means that the infant always received the considered ingredient at every month of the follow-up. * The reference modality is “no”. Linear regressions also adjusted for birth rank, mother’s prepregnancy BMI, maternal age at delivery, maternal education level, paternal age difference with the mother, paternal education level, parental country of birth, maternity unit size, season of inclusion, and residential region. The r² values of each model are 0.02, 0.04, and 0.10 for the SU of added sugar, salt, and fat, respectively. Abbreviations: CI: confidence interval; SU: score of frequency of use.