Table 2.
Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for hearing loss and tinnitus according to chocolate consumption.
| n = 3575 | Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | ||
|
Hearing loss
(unilateral or bilateral) |
1170: 2405 | 0.651 (0.560, 0.757) | <0.0001 | 0.829 (0.701, 0.980) 1 | 0.0285 |
| Hearing loss (bilateral) | 638: 2937 | 0.602 (0.497, 0.729) | <0.0001 | 0.791 (0.641, 0.976) 1 | 0.0287 |
| High-tone hearing loss | 2122: 1453 | 0.610 (0.531, 0.701) | <0.0001 | 0.777 (0.661, 0.912) 1 | 0.0021 |
| Tinnitus | 811: 2764 | 0.866 (0.734, 1.023) | 0.0902 | 0.911 (0.767, 1.081) 2 | 0.2847 |
| Tinnitus-related annoyance | 259: 3316 | 0.776 (0.590, 1.021) | 0.0705 | 0.886 (0.668, 1.176) 2 | 0.4036 |
1 Adjusted for: age; sex; perceived stress; exposure to indoor second-hand smoke; current smoking habits; heavy drinking; drinking-related problems; menopause; histories of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, anemia, kidney failure, thyroid disorder, and dyslipidemia; income level; sleep duration; duration of occupational exposure to noise; and earphone and headphone use time. 2 Adjusted for all covariates used in the hearing-loss model in addition to hearing loss (unilateral or bilateral).