Table 3.
Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for hearing loss and tinnitus according to consumption of chocolate and sweet products without cocoa.
| Multivariable Analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Consumption Per Week (Reference = No) | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | |
| Hearing loss (unilateral or bilateral) | Chocolate | 0.835 (0.703, 0.992) 1 | 0.0406 |
| Cookie | 0.989 (0.973, 1.006) 1 | 0.1912 | |
| Ice cream | 1.055 (0.967, 1.151) 1 | 0.2308 | |
| Cake | 0.975 (0.861, 1.105) 1 | 0.6931 | |
| Hearing loss (bilateral) | Chocolate | 0.766 (0.617, 0.951) 1 | 0.0156 |
| Cookie | 0.989 (0.968, 1.010) 1 | 0.3043 | |
| Ice cream | 1.146 (1.039, 1.265) 1 | 0.0063 | |
| Cake | 1.041 (0.901, 1.203) 1 | 0.5826 | |
| Tinnitus | Chocolate | 0.920 (0.772, 1.097) 2 | 0.3536 |
| Cookie | 1.001 (0.985, 1.018) 2 | 0.8901 | |
| Ice cream | 1.009 (0.922, 1.104) 2 | 0.8478 | |
| Cake | 0.932 (0.814, 1.067) 2 | 0.3081 | |
| Tinnitus-related annoyance | Chocolate | 0.876 (0.655, 1.172) 2 | 0.3735 |
| Cookie | 0.987 (0.956, 1.020) 2 | 0.4431 | |
| Ice cream | 1.120 (0.990, 1.267) 2 | 0.0721 | |
| Cake | 0.973 (0.787, 1.204) 2 | 0.8028 | |
1 Variables included in multivariable models: age; sex; perceived stress; exposure to indoor second-hand smoke; current smoking habits; heavy drinking; drinking-related problem; menopause; history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, anemia, kidney failure, thyroid disorder, and dyslipidemia; income level; sleep duration; duration of occupational exposure to noise; and earphone and headphone use time; chocolate consumption; cookie consumption; ice cream consumption; cake consumption. 2 Variables included in multivariable models: all covariates used in the hearing-loss model as well as hearing loss (unilateral or bilateral).