Table 3.
Odds ratios of nutritional factors and bilateral hearing loss.
| Nutrient | Univariable Analysis | Multivariable Analysis | Nutrient | Univariable Analysis | Multivariable Analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | ||
| Total Energy | Retinol | ||||||||
| Q1 | Reference | Reference | Q1 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Q2 | 0.77(0.61–0.98) | 0.030 * | 0.82(0.63–1.06) | 0.132 | Q2 | 0.97(0.78–1.22) | 0.819 | 1.05(0.82–1.34) | 0.700 |
| Q3 | 0.80(0.63–1.00) | 0.054 | 0.87(0.67–1.13) | 0.285 | Q3 | 0.72(0.59–0.91) | 0.006 * | 0.79(0.61–1.02) | 0.075 |
| Q4 | 0.66(0.52–0.84) | 0.001 * | 0.80(0.61–1.06) | 0.125 | Q4 | 0.61(0.48–0.78) | 0.001 * | 0.66(0.51–0.86) | 0.002 * |
| Carbohydrate | β-carotene | ||||||||
| Q1 | Reference | Reference | Q1 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Q2 | 0.76(0.60–0.97) | 0.024 * | 0.88(0.68–1.14) | 0.321 | Q2 | 1.10(0.88–1.39) | 0.412 | 1.23(0.96–1.58) | 0.105 |
| Q3 | 0.86(0.68–1.08) | 0.198 | 0.92(0.71–1.19) | 0.527 | Q3 | 0.90(0.71–1.14) | 0.364 | 1.08(0.83–1.39) | 0.576 |
| Q4 | 0.73(0.58–0.93) | 0.010 * | 0.93(0.71–1.22) | 0.588 | Q4 | 0.80(0.63–1.01) | 0.065 | 1.00(0.77–1.31) | 0.981 |
| Fat | Vitamin A | ||||||||
| Q1 | Reference | Reference | Q1 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Q2 | 0.78(0.62–0.99) | 0.037 * | 0.92(0.72–1.18) | 0.522 | Q2 | 0.95(0.76–1.20) | 0.683 | 1.03(0.80–1.32) | 0.828 |
| Q3 | 0.73(0.58–0.92) | 0.007 * | 0.81(0.62–1.04) | 0.102 | Q3 | 0.83(0.65–1.04) | 0.108 | 0.99(0.77–1.28) | 0.915 |
| Q4 | 0.62(0.49–0.79) | 0.001 * | 0.76(0.58–1.01) | 0.052 | Q4 | 0.72(0.56–0.91) | 0.006 * | 0.86(0.66–1.12) | 0.270 |
| Protein | Thiamin | ||||||||
| Q1 | Reference | Reference | Q1 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Q2 | 0.86(0.68–1.08) | 0.185 | 0.99(0.77–1.27) | 0.919 | Q2 | 0.87(0.70–1.09) | 0.228 | 0.98(0.76–1.25) | 0.845 |
| Q3 | 0.71(0.56–0.90) | 0.005 * | 0.87(0.67–1.14) | 0.312 | Q3 | 0.66(0.53–0.84) | 0.001 * | 0.78(0.60–1.02) | 0.070 |
| Q4 | 0.63(0.49–0.80) | 0.001 * | 0.75(0.57–1.01) | 0.053 | Q4 | 0.64(0.51–0.82) | 0.001 * | 0.82(0.62–1.08) | 0.152 |
| Fiber | Riboflavin | ||||||||
| Q1 | Reference | Reference | Q1 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Q2 | 0.85(0.68–1.07) | 0.175 | .97(0.75–1.25) | 0.798 | Q2 | 0.82(0.65–1.03) | 0.085 | 0.91(0.71–1.17) | 0.459 |
| Q3 | 0.91(0.72–1.14) | 0.413 | 1.11(0.86–1.43) | 0.418 | Q3 | 0.72(0.58–0.91) | 0.006 * | 0.86(0.67–1.11) | 0.258 |
| Q4 | 0.67(0.52–0.85) | 0.001 * | .89(0.68–1.17) | 0.404 | Q4 | 0.56(0.44–0.71) | 0.001 * | 0.71(0.54–0.94) | 0.016 * |
| ASH | Niacin | ||||||||
| Q1 | Reference | Reference | Q1 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Q2 | 0.80(0.64–1.00) | 0.051 | 0.87(0.68–1.12) | 0.278 | Q2 | 1.03(0.83–1.30) | 0.775 | 1.19(0.93–1.42) | 0.174 |
| Q3 | 0.64(0.61–0.81) | 0.001 * | 0.76(0.58–0.01) | 0.054 | Q3 | 0.77(0.61–0.98) | 0.032 * | 0.95(0.73–1.23) | 0.675 |
| Q4 | 0.62(0.49–0.79) | 0.001 * | 0.77(0.59–1.01) | 0.062 | Q4 | 0.59(0.46–0.76) | 0.001 * | 0.72(0.54–0.96) | 0.025 * |
| Calcium | Vitamin C | ||||||||
| Q1 | Reference | Reference | Q1 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Q2 | 0.74(0.59–0.94) | 0.012 * | 0.91(0.70–1.17) | 0.439 | Q2 | 0.83(0.66–1.05) | 0.115 | 0.97(0.75–1.24) | 0.790 |
| Q3 | 0.73(0.58–0.92) | 0.007 * | 0.95(0.73–1.23) | 0.679 | Q3 | 0.81(0.65–1.02) | 0.079 | 0.99(0.77–1.28) | 0.945 |
| Q4 | 0.68(0.54–0.86) | 0.001 * | 0.88(0.67–1.14) | 0.327 | Q4 | 0.63(0.50–0.80) | 0.001 * | 0.83(0.64–1.09) | 0.180 |
| Iron | Potassium | ||||||||
| Q1 | Reference | Reference | Q1 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Q2 | 0.79(0.62–0.99) | 0.040 * | 0.88(0.68–1.13) | 0.314 | Q2 | 0.88(0.70–1.10) | 0.252 | 0.99(0.78–1.28) | 0.978 |
| Q3 | 0.74(0.59–0.93) | 0.011 * | 0.89(0.68–1.15) | 0.357 | Q3 | 0.72(0.57–0.90) | 0.005 * | 0.91(0.70–1.17) | 0.454 |
| Q4 | 0.71(0.56–0.89) | 0.004 * | 0.88(0.68–1.14) | 0.330 | Q4 | 0.57(0.45–0.72) | 0.001 * | 0.79(0.60–1.04) | 0.091 |
| Sodium | Phosphorus | ||||||||
| Q1 | Reference | Reference | Q1 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Q2 | 0.88(0.70–1.10) | 0.263 | 0.96(0.75–1.24) | 0.754 | Q2 | 0.97(0.78–1.21) | 0.776 | 1.12(0.88–1.43) | 0.365 |
| Q3 | 0.86(0.69–1.09) | 0.216 | 0.96(0.74–1.24) | 0.730 | Q3 | 0.67(0.53–0.85) | 0.001 * | 0.77(0.59–1.01) | 0.055 |
| Q4 | 0.71(0.56–091) | 0.004 * | 0.85(0.65–1.12) | 0.251 | Q4 | 0.59(0.46–0.75) | 0.001 * | 0.76(0.57–1.01) | 0.055 |
Data are presented OR (95% CI). Statistics were carried out using Logistic regression. Multivariable analysis was adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, alcohol consumption, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio. * p < 0.05.