Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants according to parental tertiles of healthy eating index (HEI) scores 1.
| All Participants | Tertile 1 (Lowest) | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 (Highest) | p-Value 2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal Characteristics (n = 1082) 3 | |||||
| Maternal HEI score | 52.0 ± 8.6 | 43.4 ± 4.8 | 52.8 ± 1.9 | 62.0 ± 4.1 | |
| Age at mother recruitment (year) | 30.1 ± 5.9 | 28.9 ± 6.0 | 29.7 ± 6.1 | 31.9 ± 5.1 | <0.001 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (Kg/m2) | 23.8 ± 4.2 | 24.0 ± 4.3 | 23.9 ± 4.4 | 23.5 ± 3.7 | 0.045 |
| Height (cm) | 163.8 ± 6.4 | 163.5 ± 6.4 | 163.3 ± 6.3 | 164.5 ± 6.4 | 0.03 |
| Education level | |||||
| Below tertiary | 536 (51) | 244 (62) | 176 (52) | 116 (36) | <0.001 |
| Tertiary or above | 522 (49) | 150 (38) | 162 (48) | 210 (64) | |
| Smoking during pregnancy | 264 (25) | 145 (36) | 70 (21) | 49 (15) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol use during pregnancy | 613 (62) | 220 (60) | 189 (61) | 204 (66) | 0.29 |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married/cohabiting | 832 (77) | 289 (71) | 254 (75) | 289 (88) | <0.001 |
| Separated/divorced/single | 241 (23) | 116 (29) | 85 (25) | 40 (12) | |
| Household weekly income | |||||
| <200£ | 134 (14) | 61 (17) | 38 (12) | 35 (12) | 0.002 |
| 200–600£ | 490 (50) | 200 (55) | 146 (48) | 144 (47) | |
| >600£ | 348 (36) | 101 (28) | 121 (40) | 126 (41) | |
| Parity (Non-nulliparous) | 585 (55) | 221 (54) | 185 (55) | 179 (55) | 0.98 |
| Regular activity | 183 (19) | 47 (13) | 58 (19) | 78 (26) | <0.001 |
| Paternal Characteristics (n = 333) 4 | |||||
| Paternal HEI score | 47.7 ± 9.4 | 38.1 ± 4.7 | 48.0 ± 2.5 | 58.7 ± 4.8 | |
| Age at proband child birth (year) | 33.6 ± 5.5 | 32.8 ± 5.8 | 34.0 ± 4.9 | 34.1 ± 5.7 | 0.045 |
| Paternal BMI (Kg/m2) | 26.6 ± 3.9 | 26.3 ± 4.2 | 27.1 ± 4.3 | 26.5 ± 3.4 | 0.53 |
| Height (cm) | 178.2 ± 7.1 | 177.6 ± 7.1 | 177.6 ± 7.1 | 179.4 ± 7.0 | 0.16 |
| Education level | |||||
| Below tertiary | 160 (48) | 72 (60) | 54 (50) | 34 (33) | <0.001 |
| Tertiary or above | 172 (52) | 48 (40) | 55 (50) | 69 (67) | |
| Cigarette smoking | 50 (22) | 20 (27) | 15 (18) | 15 (21) | 0.38 |
| Alcohol intake | 240 (77) | 77 (69) | 82 (79) | 81 (84) | 0.05 |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married/cohabiting | 316 (96) | 113 (94) | 104 (95) | 99 (97) | 0.58 |
| Separated/divorced/single | 15 (4) | 7 (6) | 5 (5) | 3 (3) | |
| Household weekly income | |||||
| <600£ | 155 (49) | 65 (57) | 51 (48) | 39 (39) | 0.02 |
| >600£ | 164 (51) | 48 (43) | 55 (52) | 61 (61) | |
| Regular activity | 134 (42) | 41 (35) | 38 (37) | 55 (54) | 0.01 |
1 Values are means ± SD for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables. 2 Kruskal–Wallis test for continuous variables or χ2 test for categorical variables. 3 In mothers missing covariates information: Maternal age (n = 52); pre-pregnancy BMI (n = 188); height (n = 77); education status (n = 24); smoking (n = 16); alcohol intake (n = 98); economic status (n = 110); marital status (n = 9); parity (n = 14); regular activity (n = 123). 4 In fathers missing covariates information: Paternal age (n = 8); paternal BMI (n = 37); height (n = 17); education status (n = 1); smoking (n = 107); alcohol intake (n = 22); economic status (n = 14); marital status (n = 2); regular activity (n = 10).