Table 3.
Associations between parental HEI scores and binary offspring outcomes at birth and at five years 1.
| Low Birth Weight | Macrosomia | Preterm Birth | Post-Term Birth | Overweight/Obese at 5 Years | Obese at 5 Years | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HEI scores | Unadjusted | Multivariable | Unadjusted | Multivariable | Unadjusted | Multivariable | Unadjusted | Multivariable | Unadjusted | Multivariable | Unadjusted | Multivariable |
| Maternal n(case/total) | ||||||||||||
| 52/1070 | 192/1070 | 54/958 | 45/958 | 191/562 | 50/562 | |||||||
| T2 | 0.62 (0.32, 1.18) |
0.82 (0.37, 1.82) |
1.16 (0.79, 1.70) |
1.15 (0.73, 1.76) |
0.81 (0.42, 1.57) |
0.89 (0.41, 1.87) |
0.60 (0.29, 1.23) |
0.84 (0.45, 1.81) |
0.89 (0.58, 1.36) |
1.21 (0.71, 2.04) |
1.37 (0.65, 2.89) |
1.10 (0.40, 3.42) |
| T3 |
0.38
(0.18, 0.82) * |
0.53 (0.19, 1.02) |
1.30 (0.89, 1.90) |
1.21 (0.54, 1.74) |
0.76 (0.39, 1.49) |
0.67 (0.31, 1.64) |
0.50
(0.23, 0.98) * |
0.73 (0.25, 1.12) |
0.87 (0.57, 1.33) |
0.97 (0.56, 1.62) |
1.58 (0.77, 3.23) |
1.12 (0.65, 2.99) |
| Cont. |
0.61
(0.43, 0.90) * |
0.72
(0.50, 0.99) * |
1.01 (0.99, 1.03) |
1.02 (0.89, 1.14) |
0.98 (0.94, 1.01) |
0.63 (0.51, 1.10) |
0.96
(0.93, 0.99) * |
0.87
(0.80, 0.98) * |
0.99 (0.97, 1.02) |
1.02 (0.99, 1.08) |
1.02 (0.98, 1.05) |
1.01 (0.94, 1.10) |
| P trend | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.36 | 0.45 | 0.15 | 0.23 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.83 | 0.66 | 0.28 | 0.31 |
| Paternal n(case/total) | ||||||||||||
| 9/329 | 67/329 | 14/305 | 17/305 | 71/218 | 17/218 | |||||||
| T2 | 1.54 (0.45, 2.51) |
1.64 (0.24, 11.36) |
1.23 (0.62, 2.47) |
1.34 (0.53, 3.35) |
1.73
(1.31, 2.31) * |
1.29 (0.20, 1.94) |
1.11 (0.59, 2.08) |
1.42 (0.93, 2.18) |
1.41 (0.67, 2.82) |
1.51 (0.66, 3.40) |
1.16 (0.84, 2.14) |
1.00 (0.51, 1.39) |
| T3 | 0.66 (0.38, 1.14)) |
0.65 (0.10, 8.14) |
1.41 (0.54, 2.54) |
1.52 (0.58, 3.96) |
1.24 (0.91, 1.68) |
1.61 (0.10, 2.42) |
0.79 (0.40, 1.56) |
0.76 (0.47, 1.22) |
1.22 (0.26, 3.05) |
1.42 (0.60, 3.42) |
0.89 (0.26, 2.77) |
0.74
(0.11, 0.91) * |
| Cont. | 0.92 (0.77, 1.11) |
0.64 (0.33, 1.21) |
1.18 (0.85, 1.65) |
0.98 (0.70, 1.37) |
1.11 (0.96, 1.28) |
1.24 (0.98, 1.52) |
1.11 (0.61, 2.03) |
0.61 (0.48, 1.78) |
1.05 (0.74, 1.50) |
0.93 (0.61, 1.10) |
1.03 (0.42, 1.26) |
0.91
(0.31, 0.96) * |
| P trend | 0.92 | 0.49 | 0.31 | 0.47 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.72 | 0.50 | 0.76 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.04 |
1 Values are OR (95% CI) expressed for 10-point increment in HEI scores for continuous analysis and with reference to the lowest tertile (T1) for tertile analysis. Multivariable models were adjusted for maternal and paternal socio-economic status, education status, marital status, cigarettes smoking and alcohol consumption, energy intake, household income, age at recruitment, pre-pregnancy body mass index, and child age at follow-up (included in models for five-year outcomes only) and sex (for overweight and obese status child sex was intrinsically adjusted). Missing covariate information was handled by pooling effect estimates from 20 multiply-imputed datasets. *p < 0.05.