Table 2.
Changes in the parameters following the intervention.
| TM Group (n = 12) | AE Group (n = 17) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Post | Baseline | Post | ||
| BMI | (kg/m2) | 20.6 (18.7–24.0) | 20.8 (18.8–23.8) | 21.7 (18.9–23.1) | 21.3 (18.8–23.5) |
| Body fat | (%) | 26.6 (22.9–32.2) | 27.4 (23.7–31.9) | 30.6 (25.1–33.0) | 28.6 (25.1–33.75) |
| Leg muscle mass | (kg) | 8.08 (7.06–8.29) | 7.82 (6.80–8.16) | 7.29 (7.03–8.08) | 7.44 (7.12–8.25) |
| K-W test score | (/40) | 15.5 (8.5–24.8) | 27.5 (22.0–31.8) * | 13.0 (9.0–16.5) | 21.0 (15.5–29.0) * |
| Quad. muscle strength | (kg) | 22.7 (20.1–29.2) | 23.5 (22.1–30.8) | 26.2 (19.9–32.5) | 24.8 (20.6–29.2) |
| MSL | (cm) | 111.6 (107.6–123.2) | 111.5 (107.0–125.5) | 112.9 (108.9–120.0) | 113.1 (104.3–119.5) |
| TUG | (sec) | 6.19 (5.60–6.77) | 5.80 (5.40–6.50) | 6.14 (5.50–6.80) | 5.87 (5.59–6.42) |
| Single-leg standing | (sec) | 28.6 (12.3–120.0) | 70.9 (32.3–120.0) | 98.5 (39.9–120.0) | 120.0 (79.0–120.0) |
| 6MWD | (m) | 540.8 (521.0–570.0) | 567.5 (538.0–627.6) * | 550.0 (510.9–579.7) | 582.7 (541.0–618.7) * |
| Number of steps | (steps/day) | 6348 (5256–7267) | 6438 (4443–8073) | 7869 (6456–10246) | 10297 (7396–14117) * |
| Time spent in brisk walking | (min/day) | 10 (2–15) | 9 (2–17) | 16 (8–30) | 45 (16–52) * |
| Total EE | (kcal/day) | 1561.0 (1418.3–1672.8) | 1561.5 (1406.3–1613.3) * | 1598.0 (1478.0–1724.0) | 1633.0 (1469.5–1844.0) * |
| Exercise-induced EE | (kcal/day) | 125.5 (99.5–140.0) | 125.5 (85.5–154.0) | 161.0 (118.5–211.5) | 228.0 (153.5–318.0) * |
| FPG | (mmol/L) | 5.9 (5.5–7.0) | 5.7 (5.3–6.8) | 5.8 (5.2–6.1) | 5.3 (5.1–6.3) |
| TG | (mmol/L) | 1.08 (0.87–1.27) | 1.07 (0.91–1.54) | 0.89 (0.75–1.17) | 1.06 (0.91–1.53) |
| LDL-C | (mmol/L) | 3.45 (3.23–3.77) | 3.40 (2.95–4.25) | 3.72 (3.25–4.19) | 3.72 (3.21–4.24) |
| HDL-C | (mmol/L) | 1.60 (1.27–2.26) | 1.66 (1.29–2.43) | 1.73 (1.42–2.03) | 1.68 (1.44–2.06) |
| Insulin | (pmol/L) | 29.8 (21.7–33.7) | 32.3 (25.8–60.4) | 38.0 (26.2–54.5) | 40.2 (25.1–59.6) |
| HOMA-IR | 1.10 (0.74–1.45) | 1.14 (0.86–2.55) | 1.36 (0.84–2.05) | 1.31 (0.80–2.32) | |
All values are presented as median (interquartile range). Changes in clinical parameters following intervention in each group were examined by the Wilcoxon Signed-rank test. *: p < 0.05 compared with baseline. Abbreviations: TM, trunk muscle training; AE, aerobic exercise training; BMI, body mass index; K-W test score, Kraus–Weber test score; Quad. muscle strength, Quadriceps muscle strength; MSL, maximal step length; TUG, Timed Up & Go; 6MWD, distance in the 6-min. walk test; EE, energy expenditure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance.