Table 1.
Overview of human intervention studies included.
| Participants | Intervention | Control Group | Duration | Power Analysis | Effects on Bone | Jadad Score | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | Age (Year) | Gender | Health Status | (Powder/Food Item) | ||||||
| Flavanols | ||||||||||
| Dostal et al. 2016 [69] |
121 | 50–70 | Female | Overweight/obese, postmenopausal, high breast cancer risk |
GTE (843 mg EGCG/d) |
Overweight/obese, postmenopausal women with high breast cancer risk |
1 year | Yes (80%) | Total body BMD ↔ | 5 |
| Shen et al. 2012 [70] |
171 | >50 | Female | Postmenopausal, osteopenic |
GTE (500 mg/d) |
Postmenopausal, osteopenic women |
6 months | Yes (85-90%) |
bAP ↑ TRAP ↔ bAP/TRAP ratio ↑ |
5 |
| Flavonols | ||||||||||
| Law et al. 2016 [71] |
30 | 40–80 | Female, male |
Healthy | Onion juice (100 ml/d) |
Healthy men and women | 8 weeks | No | Total body BMD ↔ bAP ↓ PTH ↔ Calcium ↔ |
5 |
| Flavanones | ||||||||||
| Martin et al. 2016 [72] |
12 | >50 | Female | Postmenopausal, healthy |
Hesperidin (500 mg) |
Postmenopausal, healthy women |
3 months | Yes (80%) |
bAP ↔ DPD ↔ |
5 |
| Isoflavonoids | ||||||||||
| Alekel et al. 2010; Shedd-Wise et al. 2011 [73,74] |
255 | 46–65 | Female | Postmenopausal, healthy |
Soy isoflavonoids (80 and 120 mg/d) |
Postmenopausal, healthy women |
3 years | Yes (94%) |
Total body BMD ↔ spine BMD ↔ femur BMD ↔ neck BMD ↔ |
5 |
| Arcoraci et al. 2017; Marini et al. 2008 [75,76,77] |
389 | 49–67 | Female | Postmenopausal, osteopenic | Genistein (54 mg/d) |
Postmenopausal, osteopenic women | 2 years | Yes (80%) | Femur BMD ↑ spine BMD ↑ PYD ↓ DPD ↓ bAP ↑ RANKL ↓ OPG ↑ |
5 |
| Brink et al. 2008 [78] |
237 | 53±3 | Female | Early postmenopausal, healthy |
Isoflavonoid enriched foods (110 mg isoflavonoid aglycones/d) |
Early postmenopausal, healthy women |
1 year | Yes (84%) | Total body BMD ↔ bone markers ↔ |
5 |
| Kenny et al. 2009 [79] |
131 | >60 | Female | Postmenopausal, healthy |
Isoflavonoids (105 mg/d) |
Postmenopausal, healthy women |
1 year | No | Total body BMD ↔ femur BMD ↔ spine BMD ↔ wrist BMD ↔ |
4 |
| Sathyapalan et al. 2016 [80] |
200 | >50 | Female | Early postmenopausal | Isoflavonoids (66 mg/d) |
Early postmenopausal women | 6 months | Yes (95%) | ßCTX ↓ P1NP ↓ |
5 |
| Tai et al. 2012 [81] |
431 | 45–65 | Female | Postmenopausal with bone loss |
Isoflavonoids (300 mg/d) |
Postmenopausal women with bone loss |
2 years | Yes (80%) | Femur BMD ↔ Bone markers ↔ |
5 |
| Vupadhyayula et al. 2009 [82] |
203 | >50 | Female | Postmenopausal, healthy |
Isoflavonoids (90 mg/d) |
Postmenopausal, healthy women |
2 years | Yes (80%) | Spine BMD ↔ Femur BMD ↔ |
4 |
| Wong et al. 2009 [83] |
403 | 40–60 | Female | Climacteric, healthy |
Soy isoflavonoids (80 and 120 mg/d) |
Climacteric, healthy women |
2 years | Yes (80%) | Total Body BMD ↑ (120 mg/d) Bone markers ↔ |
5 |
| Anthocyanins | ||||||||||
| Hooshmand et al. 2011 and 2014 [84,85] |
160 | >50 | Female | Postmenopausal, osteopenic |
Dried plums (100 g/d) |
Postmenopausal, osteopenic women |
1 year | No | Ulna BMD ↑ Spine BMD ↑ OPG ↔ Sclerostin ↔ |
3 |
| Hooshmand et al. 2016 [86] |
48 | 65–79 | Female | Postmenopausal, osteopenic |
Dried plums (50 and 100 g/d) |
Postmenopausal, osteopenic women |
6 months | No | Total BMD ↑ TRAP ↓ |
3 |
| Simonavice et al. 2014 [87] |
27 | 64 ± 7 | Female | Postmenpausal, breast cancer survivors |
Dried plums (90 g/d) |
Postmenpausal women, breast cancer survivors |
6 months | Yes (80%) | Spine BMD ↔ Femur BMD ↔ Forearm BMD ↔ Bone markers ↔ |
3 |
| Stilbenes | ||||||||||
| Ornstrup et al. 2014 [88] |
74 | 49 ± 6 | Male | Obese, metabolic syndrome |
Resveratrol (150 and 1000 mg/d) |
Obese men with metabolic syndrome |
16 weeks | Yes (80%) | Spine BMD ↑ (1000 mg/d) bAP ↑ (1000 mg/d) OPG ↔ P1NP ↔ CTX ↔ NTX ↔ |
5 |
↔, no changes; ↑, significant increase; ↓, significant reduction; GTE, green tea extract; BMD, bone mineral density; bAP, bone alkaline phosphatase; TRAP, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase; PTH, parathyroid hormone; DPD, desoxypyridinolin; PYD, pyridinolin; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand; ßCTX, ß C-telopeptide of type I collagen; P1NP, aminoterminal propeptide of type I collagen; OPG, osteoprotegerin; CTX, C-telopeptide of type I collagen; NTX, N-telopeptide of type I collagen; d: day.