Table 2.
Adjusted Adult Mean (SE) Nutrient and Energy Intakes for All Clusters of GBFs.
| No Grain Consumers | Other Bread | Cakes & Cookies | Pasta | Rice | Mixed | White Bread | Whole Wheat & Whole-Grain Bread | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy (Kcal) | 1457 (76.8) | 1738.6 (39.5) | 2040.3 (54.2) | 1866.6 (47.02) | 1609.8 (44.1) | 2102.3 (21.8) | 1805.8 (41) | 1561.6 (35.7) | 0.99 |
| Calcium (mg) | 584.1 (31.7) | 738.4 (24.6) | 768.4 (25) | 779.3 (27) | 568.4† (21) | 914.3 *† (15) | 709.02 (20.6) | 690.81 (23.3) | 0 < 0.0001 |
| Iron (mg) | 8.3 *† (0.4) | 12.4 (0.3) | 13.5 (0.4) | 12.9 (0.4) | 9.8 (0.29) | 13.5 (0.17) | 12.7 (0.3) | 10.4 (0.3) | 0 < 0.0001 |
| Potassium (mg) | 2547.8 (83.8) | 2438.7 (52.22) | 2637.4 (66.5) | 2587.1 (65.4) | 2337.7 (61.3) | 3029.7 *† (34) | 2362 (55.4) | 2469.5 (56.17) | 0 < 0.0001 |
| Folate DFE. (mcg) | 263.2 *† (14.6) | 461.6 (13.3) | 480.7 (19.55) | 609.4 *† (17.08) | 329.6 (10.8) | 455.1 (6.75) | 492.5 (12.85) | 309.7 (9.36) | 0 < 0.0001 |
| Folic Acid (mcg) | 23.79 *† (3.49) | 122.17 (4.06) | 135.61 (8.07) | 221.7 *† (7.6) | 60.22 (3.51) | 103.23 (2.31) | 160.2 *† (4.69) | 53.83 (2.74) | 0 < 0.0001 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 1.62 (0.09) | 1.88 (0.05) | 1.92 (0.05) | 1.92 (0.06) | 1.47† (0.04) | 2.1 *† (0.03) | 1.96 (0.05) | 1.61 (0.05) | 0 < 0.0001 |
| Thiamin (mg) | 0.95 *† (0.04) | 1.67 (0.05) | 1.69 (0.07) | 1.88 (0.06) | 1.23 (0.04) | 1.69 (0.02) | 1.66 (0.04) | 1.25 (0.03) | 0 < 0.0001 |
| Niacin (mg) | 34.55 (2.32) | 37.58 (1.05) | 37.36 (1.3) | 41.48 (1.29) | 35.06 (1.18) | 43.1 (0.57) | 37.02 (0.91) | 33.96 (1.01) | 0 < 0.0001 |
| Dietary fibres (g) | 12.45 *† (0.61) | 17.68 (0.57) | 17.17 (0.62) | 17.89 (0.61) | 15.21 (0.63) | 18.54 (0.25) | 14.59 (0.38) | 18.52 (0.48) | 0 < 0.0001 |
| Sodium (mg) | 1853.5 *† (119.78) | 2637.31 (79.46) | 2686.9 (91.51) | 2674.3 (83.7) | 2292 *† (79.3) | 2977.33 (41.09) | 2941 (76.2) | 2607.5 (84.87) | 0 < 0.0001 |
| Sugars (g) | 73.83 (3.78) | 72.32 (1.96) | 116.7 *† (3.25) | 79.42 (2.59) | 65.36 (2.87) | 98.3 *† (1.58) | 85.52 (2.44) | 69.94 (2.21) | 0 < 0.0001 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 1.74 (0.1) | 1.55 (0.04) | 1.6 (0.08) | 1.55 (0.05) | 1.68 (0.05) | 1.9 † (0.03) | 1.36 *† (0.04) | 1.5 (0.05) | 0 < 0.0001 |
| Total Carbohydrates (g) | 141.9 *† (6.1) | 216.5 (4.5) | 257.9 *† (7.1) | 236.3 (5.7) | 212.5 (6.3) | 237.5 (2.7) | 223.4 (5.1) | 189.1 *† (4.5) | 0 < 0.0001 |
| Cholesterol (mg) | 292.6 (22.8) | 238.9 (22.5) | 265.4 (10) | 237.8 (9.9) | 240.8 (10.7) | 305.2† (7.1) | 254.6 (13.2) | 243.9 (12.1) | 0 < 0.0001 |
| % Energy from Carbohydrates | 40.2 *† (0.89) | 50.1 (0.55) | 50.4 (0.59) | 51.1 (0.55) | 53.3 *† (0.6) | 45.1 *† (0.27) | 49.7 (0.48) | 48.7 (0.78) | 0 < 0.0001 |
| Saturated Fatty Acid (g) | 18.0 (1.2) | 20.8 (0.7) | 25 (1.0) | 21.1 (0.7) | 15.0† (0.6) | 26.6 (0.4) | 22.2 (0.7) | 18.1† (0.8) | 0 < 0.0001 |
| Fat (g) | 57.88 (3.66) | 61.59 (1.92) | 77.29 (2.67) | 64.07 (2.19) | 50.2 *† (1.78) | 82.05 (1.1) | 66.06 (2.05) | 56.74 (1.81) | 0 < 0.0001 |
| Magnesium (mg) | 264.9 (10.84) | 283.66 (5.85) | 299.92 (8.22) | 305.7 (10.11) | 281.56 (9.15) | 340.2 *† (4) | 270.91 (7.28) | 308.18 (7.28) | 0 < 0.0001 |
| Proteins (g) | 74.07 (4.97) | 75.59 (2.18) | 76.25 (2.3) | 78.69 (2.36) | 72.24 (2.13) | 88.03 *† (1.09) | 72.66 (1.74) | 69.29 (1.89) | 0 < 0.0001 |
| Vitamin A (mcg) | 635.37 (49.52) | 536.02 (27.29) | 661.73 (31.3) | 612.16 (27.15) | 600.81 (50.47) | 745.41 (20.85) | 523.96 (18.33) | 638.92 (33.41) | 0 < 0.0001 |
| Zinc (mg) | 8.86 (0.48) | 10 (0.3) | 10.53 (0.46) | 9.92 (0.34) | 9.28 (0.28) | 11.96 (0.21) | 9.43 (0.27) | 9.19 (0.29) | 0 < 0.0001 |
* Significantly different than all GBFs patterns (p < 0.05). † Significantly different than other emerged clusters (p < 0.05). All data are weighted to represent population-level information.