Table 2.
Commonly used molecules inhibiting autophagy. Small molecules that have been identified as inhibitors of autophagy and the main mechanism of action.
| Compound | Autophagy Inhibitors |
|---|---|
| Mechanism of Action | |
| Bafilomycin A1 | Inhibitor of v-ATPase, inhibition of lysosomal acidification |
| Concanamycin A | Inhibitor of v-ATPase, inhibition of lysosomal acidification |
| Azithromycin | Inhibitor of v-ATPase, inhibition of lysosomal acidification |
| 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) | Inhibitor of class III PI3K |
| Chloroquine (CQ) | Neutralizes the acidic pH of intracellular vesicles |
| Hydroxy-chloroquine (HCQ) | CQ derivative-Neutralizes the acidic pH of intracellular vesicles |
| Lys05 | CQ derivative-alter the acidification of the lysosomes |
| SAR405 | Kinase inhibitor of Vps18 and Vps34 |
| SBI-0206965 | Inhibitor of ULK1 |
| Verteporfin | Inhibit acidification of lysosomes |
| Clomipramine | Inhibit acidification of lysosomes |
| desmethylclomipramine (DCMI) | Inhibit Autophagosome-Lysosome fusion |
| Paclitaxel | Microtubule stabilizer- inhibits phosphorylation of VPS34 at T159 |
| SAHA | Interact in autophagosome-lysosome fusion |
| Monensin | Inhibit autophagosome-lysosome fusion |
| Sputin-1 | Inhibits the activity of ubiquitin-specific peptidases, USP10 and USP13 |
| SP600125 | Inhibition of JNK—reduction of Beclin-1 |
| U0126 | Inhibitor of MEK1 and MEK2 |
| Wortmannin | PI3K inhibitor |
| LY294002 | PI3K inhibitor |
| SB202190 | Cross-inhibition of the PI3K/mTOR and MAPKs pathway |
| SB203580 | Inhibit autophagy by interfering with the trafficking of Atg9 |
| MHY1485 | mTOR activator |