Table 3.
Commonly used molecules to induce autophagy. Small molecules that have been identified as autophagy inducers and the primary mechanism of action.
| Compound/Molecule | Autophagy Inducers |
|---|---|
| Mechanism of Action | |
| Rapamycin | mTORC1 inhibitor |
| Temsirolimus | mTORC1 inhibitor |
| Deforolimus | mTORC1 inhibitor |
| Everolimus | mTORC1 inhibitor |
| Metformin | AMPK activator |
| Obatoclax | Inhibitor of Bcl-2 family proteins |
| isoliensinine | Natural alkaloid |
| cepharanthine | Natural alkaloid |
| liensinine | Natural alkaloid |
| Perifosine | AKT inhibitor |
| Tat–Beclin-1 peptide | Releases beclin-1 into cytoplasm-regulate autophagosome formation |
| Lithium | Increase the levels of Beclin-1/VPS34 complexes |
| GDC-0980 | Dual inhibitor of PI3K and mTORC1 |
| GDC-0941 | Inhibitor of class I PI3K |
| fluspirilene | Antagonists of L-type Ca2+ channels |
| verapamil | Antagonists of L-type Ca2+ channels |
| loperamide | Antagonists of L-type Ca2+ channels |
| nimodipine | Antagonists of L-type Ca2+ channels |
| amiodarone | Antagonists of L-type Ca2+ channels |