Table 1.
Changes in some of the anthropometric and biochemical variables examined in this study following daily intervention for four weeks with the placebo (PLB) drink, the polyphenol low-dose chokeberry juice (AMJd), and the polyphenol high-dose chokeberry juice (AMJ).
| PLB (n = 29) |
AMJd (n = 28) |
AMJ (n = 27) |
p-Value (between Groups) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| Baseline | 27.29 (5.64) | 26.59 (7.13) | 27.38 (5.73) | 0.82 |
| End of trial | 27.33 (5.46) | 26.75 (6.67) | 27.00 (5.64) | 0.86 |
| Δ (Δ%) | −0.03 (−0.09%) | 0.02 (0.26%) | −0.11 (−0.52%) | 0.38 |
| p-value (intragroup) | 0.40 | 0.58 | 0.06 | |
| SBP (mm Hg) | ||||
| Baseline | 120.00 (23.25) | 121.00 (14.50) | 124.50 (16.00) | 0.26 |
| End of trial | 113.75 (24.63) | 118.75 (16.00) | 115.00 (13.00) | 0.96 |
| Δ (Δ%) | −4.00 (−3.31%) | −5.25 (−4.58%) | −6.50 (−5.42%) | 0.33 |
| p-value (intragroup) | 0.001 | 0.06 | 0.0001 | |
| DBP (mm Hg) | ||||
| Baseline | 75.00 (19.38) | 75.50 (13.00) | 77.00 (17.00) | 0.36 |
| End of trial | 73.00 (23.38) | 70.50 (14.50) | 72.00 (14.00) | 0.89 |
| Δ (Δ%) | −3.25 (−4.57%) | −4.00 (−5.20%) | −4.00 (−4.83%) | 0.69 |
| p-value (intragroup) | 0.006 | 0.05 | 0.002 | |
| T-C (mmol/L) | ||||
| Baseline | 5.37 (1.35) | 4.98 (0.95) | 5.18 (1.77) | 0.44 |
| End of trial | 5.38 (1.27) | 5.02 (1.36) | 5.26 (1.98) | 0.46 |
| Δ (Δ%) | −0.04 (−1.52%) | −0.07 (−1.20%) | −0.06 (−1.16%) | 0.96 |
| p-value (intragroup) | 0.39 | 0.35 | 0.74 | |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | ||||
| Baseline | 3.79 (1.09) | 3.29 (1.00) | 3.43 (1.72) | 0.26 |
| End of trial | 3.81 (1.02) | 3.27 (1.15) | 3.56 (1.59) | 0.32 |
| Δ (Δ%) | −0.02 (−1.75%) | 0.01 (0.42%) | −0.01 (−0.22%) | 0.78 |
| p-value (intragroup) | 0.49 | 0.93 | 0.86 | |
| TAGs (mmol/L) | ||||
| Baseline | 1.35 (0.62) | 0.95 (0.54) 1 | 1.10 (1.10) | 0.05 |
| End of trial | 1.28 (1.17) | 1.13 (0.61) | 1.00 (0.75) | 0.10 |
| Δ (Δ%) | 0.02 (−4.47%) | −0.01 (0.78%) | 0.03 (3.33%) | 0.97 |
| p-value (intragroup) | 0.20 | 0.88 | 0.78 | |
| FSG (mmol/L) | ||||
| Baseline | 5.06 (0.57) | 4.75 (0.69) | 4.86 (0.67) | 0.08 |
| End of trial | 5.04 (0.84) | 4.77 (0.67) | 5.10 (0.73) | 0.11 |
| Δ (Δ%) | −0.09 (−1.72%) | 0.04 (1.09%) | 0.18 (3.93%) | 0.25 |
| p-value (intragroup) | 0.37 | 0.45 | 0.08 | |
| oxLDL (ng/mL) 2 | ||||
| Baseline | 117.00 (46.50) | 133.00 (43.75) | 129.00 (36.50) | 0.46 |
| End of trial | 115.00 (50.50) | 121.50 (46.00) | 110.50 (28.00) | 0.58 |
| Δ (Δ%) | −8.00 (−6.85%) | −21.50 (−15.72%) | −21.50 (−16.81%) | 0.73 |
| p-value (intragroup) | 0.53 | 0.65 | 0.02 | |
| oxLDL/T-C (ng/mg) | ||||
| Baseline | 53.16 (21.05) | 65.84 (21.13) | 65.70 (24.42) | 0.22 |
| End of trial | 53.62 (20.95) | 58.42 (56.73) | 45.79 (21.58) | 0.52 |
| Δ (Δ%) | −3.44 (−5.59%) | −10.11 (−13.78%) | −9.49 (−18.95%) | 0.53 |
| p-value (intragroup) | 0.58 | 0.96 | 0.02 | |
| oxLDL/LDL-C (ng/mg) | ||||
| Baseline | 76.84 (37.98) | 93.94 (45.28) | 93.09 (41.28) | 0.23 |
| End of trial | 74.56 (34.50) | 86.73 (109.43) | 62.71 (36.46) | 0.48 |
| Δ (Δ%) | −3.64 (−4.00%) | −13.66 (−11.45%) | −15.55 (−19.02%) | 0.31 |
| p-value (intragroup) | 0.69 | 0.80 | 0.01 | |
Results are presented as the median (IQR); Δ: median of (end-baseline) values; Δ%: median of ((end-baseline values)/baseline) × 100. Between groups differences were estimated by the non-parametric test of Kruskal-Wallis and intragroup differences by the Wilcoxon signed rank test. A Mann-Whitney test was applied when there were differences between groups. 1: different from placebo by Mann-Whitney test; 2: n = 12 (PLB), n = 10 (AMJd), n = 12 (AMJ). BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; T-C; total cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol; TAGs: triglycerides; FSG: fasting serum glucose; oxLDL: oxidized LDL.