Table 2.
Supercritical CO2 extraction of total lipids and GLA contents of several Arthrospira (Spirulina) species and strains.
| Strains | Biomass Forms | Solvent | Pressure (MPa) | Temp. (°C) | Time (min) | CO2-to-Mass Ratio | Total Lipids (% DCW) |
GLA (% DCW) |
GLA (% TFAs) |
GLA Recovery of B & D (or in situ T) (%) | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arthrospira platensis | 10 g spray-dried powder (0.2 mm) (with porous materials) | CO2 + ethanol | 41 | 40 | 60 | 2 mL g−1 min−1 | 9.4 | 1.16 | 34.5 | 98 (92) | This study |
| Spirulina platensis | 16 g freeze-dried (with glass wool), crushing (0.25 mm) | CO2 + 13.7 mL ethanol | 40 | 40 | 60 | 700 mL min−1 | 8.6 | 0.64 | 15.8 | 100 (78) | [27] |
| Arthrospira maxima | 5 g freeze-dried (with glass wool), crushing (0.2 mm) | CO2 + 10 mol% ethanol | 35 | 60 | NA | 2 g min−1 | NA | 0.44 | 35.5 | 45 | [28,29] |
| Arthrospira platensis | 2 g biomass (with 4 g sea sand) | 50% CO2 + ethanol | 30 | 40 | 90 | NA | 6.7 | 0.90 | 6.5–11.7 | 25 | [30] |
| Spirulina platensis | 80 g freeze-dried (with 100 g glass microspheres), crushing (≤0.37 mm) | CO2 | 70 | 55 | 90 | 10 kg h−1 | 7.8 | 0.67 | 18.5–21.1 | NA | [32] |
| Spirulina platensis | Dried powder | CO2 | 40 | 40 | 240 | 24 kg h−1 | 7.2 | 0.29 | 23.2 | NA | [33] |
| Arthrospira platensis | Dried powder | CO2 | 30 | 60 | NA | 3 mL min−1 | NA | 0.04 | NA | NA | [34] |
B & D: Bligh and Dyer method; In situ T: in situ transesterification; NA: not available.