Table 3.
Nutrient intakes from 3-day food records at age 10 and 13 years in children enrolled in ALSPAC who were classified into longitudinal picky eating (PE) categories between 2 and 5.5 years of age.
| Nutrient | Never PE | Low PE | High PE | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early PE | Late PE | ||||
| Non-Persistent PE | Persistent PE | ||||
| Age 10 years | |||||
| n | 1380 | 3159 | 275 | 402 | 98 |
| Macronutrients | |||||
| Energy (kJ/day) | 7927 (7834, 8015) a | 7771 (7717, 7825) b | 7901 (7715, 8087) a,b | 7688 (7536, 7840) a,b | 7600 (7295, 7905) a,b |
| Male | 8353 (8222, 8484) a | 8175 (8099, 8251) a,b | 8277 (8003, 8551) a,b | 7935 (7731, 8138) b | 8233 (7747, 8719) a,b |
| Protein (g/day) | 63.9 (63.1, 64.8) a | 61.6 (61.0, 62.1) b | 61.5 (59.8, 63.3) a,b | 57.8 (56.3, 59.3) c | 59.1 (56.0, 63.3) b,c |
| Fat (g/day) | 77.1 (76.0, 78.2) a | 74.9 (74.3, 75.6) b | 76.2 (73.8, 78.5) a,b | 74.1 (72.3, 76.1) a,b | 72.6 (68.7, 76.4) a,b |
| Free sugar (% energy) | 17.1 (16.8, 17.4) a | 17.8 (17.6, 18.0) b | 17.8 (17.1, 18.5) a,b | 18.6 (18.0, 19.2) b | 18.7 (17.6, 19.9) a,b |
| Dietary fibre (g NSP/day) | 11.9 (11.7, 12.1) a | 11.5 (11.3, 11.6) b | 11.3 (10.9, 11.7) a,b | 10.4 (10.0, 10.7) c | 10.7 (10.0, 11.3) b,c |
| Micronutrients | |||||
| Vitamin A | |||||
| Carotene (µg/day) | 2244 (2053, 2336) a | 2054 (1997, 2112) b | 2052 (1856, 2247) a,b,c | 1694 (1515, 1874) c | 1902 (1452, 2355) a,b,c |
| Retinol equivalents (µg RE/day) | 738 (713, 763) a | 692 (675, 709) b | 767 (684, 850) a,b | 609 (574, 644) c | 767 (684, 851) a,b,c |
| Niacin (mg NEq/day) | 30.0 (29.6, 30.4) a | 29.2 (29.0, 29.5) b | 29.5 (28.6, 30.3) a,b,c | 28.2 (26.6, 29.8) c | 29.3 (29.1, 29.5) a,b,c |
| Vitamin B6 (mg/day) | 1.9 (1.9, 1.9) a | 1.9 (1.8, 1.9) a | 1.9 (1.8, 2.0) a | 1.8 (1.7, 1.8) b | 1.8 (1.7, 1.9) a,b |
| Vitamin B12 (µg/day) | 3.5 (3.4, 3.6) a | 3.4 (3.4, 3.5) a,b | 3.5 (3.2, 3.8) a,b | 3.2 (3.0, 3.3) b | 3.5 (3.0, 4.0) a,b |
| Folate (µg/day) | 214 (210, 218) a | 208 (205, 210) a,b | 200 (192, 207) a,b | 215 (206, 223) b | 195 (182, 208) a,b |
| Vitamin D (µg/day) | 2.7 (2.6, 2.8) a | 2.6 (2.6, 2.7) a | 2.6 (2.4, 2.7) a,b | 2.4 (2.3, 2.5) b | 2.4 (2.2, 2.7) a,b |
| Vitamin E (mg/day) | 9.4 (9.2, 9.6) a | 9.2 (9.0, 9.3) a,b | 8.9 (8.5, 9.4) a,b | 8.6 (8.2, 9.0) b | 8.8 (8.1, 9.5) a,b |
| Iron (mg/day) | 9.1 (9.0, 9.3)a | 9.0 (8.9, 9.1) a | 9.1 (8.8, 9.4) a | 8.6 (8.3, 8.8) b | 8.7 (8.1, 9.2) a,b |
| Zinc (mg/day) | 7.0 (6.9, 7.1) a | 6.7 (6.7, 6.8) b | 6.6 (6.4, 6.9) a,b,c | 6.2 (6.0, 6.4) c | 6.4 (6.0, 6.9) a,b,c |
| Selenium (µg/day) | 59.1 (58.1, 60.2) a | 57.6 (56.9, 58.3) a,b | 56.4 (54.0, 58.8) a,b | 54.9 (53.1, 56.8) b | 55.5 (51.8, 59.3) a,b |
| Age 13 years | |||||
| n | 1152 | 2675 | 239 | 344 | 84 |
| Macronutrients | |||||
| Energy (kJ/day) | 8224 (8101, 8346) | 8229 (8147, 8310) | 8370 (8067, 8673) | 8270 (8034, 8505) | 8229 (7729, 8728) |
| Male | 9004 (8824, 9184) | 8985 (8866, 9103) | 9199 (8770, 9628) | 9062 (8739, 9386) | 9106 (8330, 9881) |
| Protein (g/day) | 70.3 (69.2, 71.5) a | 69.1 (68.4, 69.9) a,b | 68.7 (65.9, 71.5) a,b | 66.8 (64.7, 69.0) b | 64.9 (60.9, 68.8) a,b |
| Fat (g/day) | 78.6 (77.1, 80.0 | 77.3 (76.3, 78.2) | 78.9 (75.6, 82.2) | 77.3 (74.4, 80.14) | 75.8 (70.1, 81.5) |
| Free sugar (% energy) | 16.1 (15.8, 16.5) a | 16.9 (16.7, 17.1) b | 17.2 (16.3, 18.1) a,b | 17.9 (17.1, 18.7) b | 17.9 (16.5, 19.4) a,b |
| Dietary fibre (g NSP/day) | 12.9 (12.7, 13.2) | 13.0 (12.8, 13.2) | 12.8 (12.2, 13.3) | 12.2 (11.7, 12.7) | 12.1 (11.0, 13.2) |
| Micronutrients | |||||
| Vitamin A | |||||
| Carotene (µg/day) | 2476 (2353, 2598) | 2350 (2270, 2430) | 2372 (2112, 2632) | 2216 (1999, 2433) | 2010 (1603, 2417) |
| Retinol equivalents (µg RE/day) | 771 (743, 799) | 741 (720, 762) | 741 (677, 806) | 703 (654, 753) | 660 (583, 737) |
| Niacin (mg NEq/day) | 32.6 (32.1, 33.2) | 32.4 (32.0, 32.8) | 32.0 (30.7, 33.3) | 31.6 (30.5, 32.7) | 31.7 (29.5, 33.9) |
| Vitamin B6 (mg/day) | 2.1 (2.0, 21) | 2.0 (1.99, 2.0) | 1.9 (1.8, 2.0) | 2.0 (1.9, 2.0) | 2.0 (1.8, 2.1) |
| Vitamin B12 (µg/day) | 4.5 (4.3, 4.6) | 4.3 (4.2, 4.4) | 4.1 (3.9, 4.4) | 4.2 (4.0, 4.5) | 4.0 (3.5, 4.4) |
| Folate (µg/day) | 232 (227, 237) | 234 (230, 238) | 225 (213, 237) | 232 (222, 242) | 227 (209, 244) |
| Vitamin D (µg/day) | 2.7 (2.7, 2.8) | 2.6 (2.6, 2.7) | 2.7 (2.5, 2.9) | 2.5 (2.3, 2.7) | 2.6 (2.3, 2.9) |
| Vitamin E (mg/day) | 9.3 (9.1, 9.6) | 9.1 (9.0, 9.3) | 9.2 (8.6, 9.8) | 8.8 (8.4, 9.3) | 9.4 (8.5, 10.4) |
| Iron (mg/day) | 10.0 (9.8, 10.2) | 10.1 (9.8, 10.2 | 10.1 (9.7, 10.6) | 9.9 (9.5, 10.2) | 9.6 (8.9, 10.2) |
| Zinc (mg/day) | 7.7 (7.5, 7.8) | 7.6 (7.4, 7.7) | 7.4 (7.1, 7.6) | 7.3 (7.0, 7.5) | 6.9 (6.4, 7.6) |
| Selenium (µg/day) | 63.5 (61.9, 65.1) | 62.2 (61.3, 63.2 | 65.8 (61.6, 70.1) | 59.9 (57.2, 63.6) | 65.2 (58.9, 71.6) |
NSP, non-starch polysaccharide. Data at age 7 years are shown in Taylor et al. (2016) [23]. Values are mean (95% confidence interval). a,b,c Values in the same row with unlike superscript letters are significantly different for each age point (p < 0.05). Additional nutrients for which there were no significant differences at both 10 and 13 years (data not shown): energy for girls, carbohydrate, retinol, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin C, calcium, iodine.