Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants across Kessler’s six-item psychological distress scale (K6) score.
| K6 score ≥ 13 (n = 144) | K6 score < 13 (n = 1945) | p-Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean, SD | 38.6 | 10.7 | 43.7 | 12.2 | <0.001 |
| Men, % | 81.3 | 68.7 | 0.002 | ||
| Body mass index (kg/m2), mean, SD | 22.5 | 3.7 | 22.6 | 5.8 | 0.930 |
| Medications for | |||||
| Hypertension, % | 8.7 | 10.4 | 0.526 | ||
| Hyperlipidemia, % | 5.8 | 7.8 | 0.404 | ||
| Diabetes, % | 2.2 | 3.3 | 0.493 | ||
| Current smoker, % | 32.6 | 28.3 | 0.266 | ||
| Alcohol drinking, % | 41.0 | 41.7 | 0.865 | ||
| Shift work, % | 15.3 | 12.3 | 0.298 | ||
| Dietary intake | |||||
| Total energy (kcal), mean, SD | 2039.5 | 605.4 | 1946.0 | 586.2 | 0.066 |
| Calcium (mg), mean, SD | 405.4 | 172.6 | 439.4 | 159.6 | 0.014 |
| Magnesium (mg), mean, SD | 218.7 | 52.0 | 233.1 | 51.1 | 0.001 |
| Iron (mg), mean, SD | 7.0 | 2.2 | 7.6 | 2.1 | 0.001 |
| Zinc (mg), mean, SD | 7.4 | 1.4 | 7.8 | 1.0 | 0.001 |
| Copper (mg), mean, SD | 1.1 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Manganese (mg), mean, SD | 3.5 | 1.1 | 3.9 | 1.2 | <0.001 |
| Folic acids (mg), mean, SD | 280.8 | 89.5 | 308.8 | 93.7 | 0.001 |
| Vitamin C (mg), mean, SD | 83.8 | 39.4 | 95.8 | 40.7 | 0.001 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg), mean, SD | 1.1 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 0.001 |
| Vitamin B12 (mg), mean, SD | 3.8 | 1.7 | 4.4 | 1.7 | <0.001 |
| PUFA (g), mean, SD | 11.2 | 3.3 | 11.4 | 2.7 | 0.536 |
SD: Standard deviation; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids. Differences were tested using the chi-square test for categorical variables and t-test for continuous variables.