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. 2019 Apr 5;11(4):328. doi: 10.3390/v11040328

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Soluble SAs limits attachment of HCoV-OC43 VR-1558, BCoV, and CRCoV but does not affect their replication. (A) Cells were overlaid with HCoV-OC43 VR-1558, BCoV, and CRCoV stocks preincubated with N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), incubated for 2 h at 4 °C, fixed, and immunostained. Graph shows results of flow cytometry analysis of viral attachment; data are presented as mean fluorescence normalized to control. (B) Cells overlaid with viral stocks (at TCID50 of 400 per milliliter, which approximately corresponds to M.O.I. = 0.0007) exposed to Neu5Ac were incubated for 2 h at temperature optimal for particular virus. Subsequently, unbound virions were washed off and cells were incubated for 5 days in the presence of Neu5Ac. The data is presented as mean ± SD of virus yield in cell culture supernatant (RT-qPCR) from at least three experiments in triplicate. (* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001).