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. 2019 Mar 27;11(4):434. doi: 10.3390/cancers11040434

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Review manuscript organization. (A) The typical prostate cancer (PC) pathogenesis involves tumor initiation, progression to metastatic diseases, and metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancers (mCRPCs) following androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) treatment. Prostate cancer stem cells (PCSCs) contribute to all these processes; this review will not cover the contributions of PCSCs to CRPC, but rather focus on the other two processes. PSC: prostate stem cells; CTCs: circulating tumor cells. (B) The mechanisms that regulate PCSC stemness will be discussed.