Table 4.

Associations of pretreatment serum glutamine and pro-inflammatory cytokines levels in CRC patients.

Cytokines (pg/mL)	Low Glutamine (<52 ng/μL, n = 72)	High Glutamine (≥52 ng/μL, n = 51)	p-Value
TNF-α	92.9 ± 112.3	66.7 ± 24.9	0.104
IL-1β	26.2 ± 46.3	14.0 ± 5.5	0.030
IL-6	16.4 ± 35.8	7.5 ± 4.3	0.041

Abbreviations: TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; IL-6, interleukin-6.