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Casein kinase 2 (CK2) phosphorylation is a key regulator of Ultrabithorax (UBX) function. Phosphorylation of UBX by CK2 prevents it from repressing Ditsal-less (Dll) transcription in lower arthropods and consequently all embryonic segments posterior to the head give rise to limbs. This CK2 site is lost in insects and as a result UBX represses Dll expression, leading to the suppression of limb formation in the abdominal segments.
