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. 2019 Mar 31;11(4):755. doi: 10.3390/nu11040755

Table 3.

The predictors of Incident Macrocytic anemia and Anemia of Chronic Disease over 18 months Follow-up among Ugandan adults free of anemia at enrollment.

Incident Macrocytic Anemia Incident Anemia of Inflammation (ACD)
OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI)
Baseline HAART Regimen
Efavirenz Containing 0.423 (0.21, 0.85) * 1.39 (0.47, 4.10)
Nevirapine Containing 0.67 (0.38, 1.17) 0.10 (0.01, 0.87) *
HAART Naïve Ref Ref
Female vs. Male Sex 1.05 (0.53, 2.07) 3.61 (0.71, 18.3)
Age (per 5-year increment) 1.09 (0.94, 1.27) 1.04 (0.83, 1.29)
BCE vs. Placebo 1.86 (0.99, 3.51) ** 0.47 (0.14, 1.68)
Vitamin D Status
Deficient vs. Sufficient 1.09 (0.36, 3.34) 6.71 (0.52, 86.3)
Insufficient vs. Sufficient 0.99 (0.47, 2.11) 3.03 (0.32, 28.8)
Baseline CD4
Per 100 cells/L 0.93 (0.46, 1.14) 0.47 (0.27, 0.79) *
≤100 vs. ≥201 cells/L 1.26 (0.70, 2.26) 2.24 (0.78, 6.46)
101–200 vs. ≥201 cells/L 1.04 (0.54, 2.01) 1.28 (0.30, 5.48)
Baseline Ferritin
High vs. Normal 1.85 (1.03, 3.32) * 0.49 (0.16, 1.46)
Low vs. Normal 1.02 (0.47, 2.23) 0.71 (0.13, 3.91)
Baseline BMI category
Underweight 0.54 (0.16, 1.77) 2.19 (0.52, 9.12)
Normal weight Ref Ref
Overweight 1.23 (0.65, 2.31) 0.24 (0.03, 1.84)
Obese 1.61 (0.76, 3.42) 1.39 (0.46, (4.15)
Wealth (per quintile increment) 0.83 (0.67, 1.03) 1.00 (0.67, 1.49)
Q1 (lowest) vs. Q5 (highest) 2.43 (0.94,6.28) 1.10 (0.17, 7.08)
Q2 vs. Q5 (highest) 2.47 (0.94, 6.46) 2.32 (0.49, 10.96)
Q3 vs. Q5 (highest) 1.66 (0.62, 4.41) -
Q4 vs. Q5 (highest) 2.49 (1.01, 6.14) * 2.35 (0.50, 11.20)

Results are from multivariable analyses of anemia type (ACD, macrocytic, no-anemia) as a nominal multinomial outcome using SAS PROC GEE with no-anemia as reference logit category. The odds of incident ACD or macrocytic anemia in relationship to baseline sociodemographic (age, sex, wealth), nutritional status (randomization to BCE vs. placebo as part of parent trial, self-reported multivitamin use at enrolment, vitamin D status, BMI, ferritin), immune factors (CD4, CRP) and HAART status/regimen were estimated. *: Bolded Associations are statistically significant. **: Bolded and italicized associations are marginally significant.