Figure 3.

Effects of GBE on alcohol-induced Kupffer cells activation and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammatory response in macrophages. Representative immunohistochemical staining of liver for (A) F4/80 (red, Kupffer cells marker) and interleukin-1β (green) and (B) lipopolysaccharide (green). The released levels of (C) nitrite, (D) interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. (E) Western blot of phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), total JNK, p-p38, total p38 and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) from macrophage cell extracts with quantitative data. CON, control; SIL, silymarin; GBE, water extract of G. bimaculatus. Data are shown as means ± SEM (n = 4 for A–C and n = 6 for D–F). * p < 0.05 vs. EtOH control group or LPS control group.