Table 4.
Consumption behaviours related to food and beverages (with example serve sizes a given) by food security status. b
| Question | Serves | n (%) | Overall Significance | Post-Hoc Analysis | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High–Marginal vs. Very Low Food Security | High–Marginal vs. Low Food Security | Low Food Security vs. Very Low Food Security | ||||||||
| OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | |||||
| On a Typical Day, How Many Serves of the Following Foods Would You Eat? | ||||||||||
| Breakfast cereals | 2/3 cup breakfast cereals, cooked oats | 0 | 200 (19.5%) | 0.525 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |||
| 2 wheat-biscuits | 1 | 736 (71.7%) | 1.41 (0.91, 2.19) | 0.127 | 1.13 (0.74, 1.73) | 0.566 | 1.25 (0.74, 2.09) | 0.403 | ||
| 2 or more | 90 (8.8%) | 1.49 (0.7, 3.17) | 0.296 | 0.9 (0.47, 1.71) | 0.739 | 1.67 (0.71, 3.89) | 0.238 | |||
| Milk, yoghurt, cheese and dairy alternatives | 1 cup of milk or soy milk | 0 | 76 (7.4%) | 0.496 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |||
| 2 slices of cheese | 1 | 568 (55.4%) | 1.39 (0.71, 2.72) | 0.332 | 1.24 (0.66, 2.32) | 0.501 | 1.12 (0.52, 2.4) | 0.766 | ||
| 1 tub of yoghurt | 2 | 288 (28.1%) | 1.67 (0.81, 3.42) | 0.163 | 1.66 (0.85, 3.27) | 0.139 | 1 (0.44, 2.29) | 0.998 | ||
| 3 or more | 94 (9.2%) | 1.86 (0.77, 4.46) | 0.166 | 1.16 (0.53, 2.53) | 0.714 | 1.6 (0.6, 4.32) | 0.350 | |||
| Bread | 1 slice of bread | 0 | 71 (6.9%) | 0.014 * | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |||
| 1 crumpet or English muffin | 1 | 414 (40.4%) | 1.85 (0.95, 3.6) | 0.069 | 0.85 (0.41, 1.77) | 0.669 | 2.17 (0.96, 4.93) | 0.064 | ||
| 2 | 428 (41.7%) | 3.05 (1.55, 5.99) | 0.001 ** | 1.17 (0.56, 2.44) | 0.674 | 2.6 (1.13, 6.01) | 0.025 * | |||
| 3 or more | 113 (11%) | 2.64 (1.15, 6.05) | 0.022 * | 0.79 (0.35, 1.81) | 0.579 | 3.34 (1.25, 8.92) | 0.016 * | |||
| Fruit (not including juice) | 1 medium banana, apple or orange | 0 | 56 (5.5%) | 0.080 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |||
| 2 small kiwi fruit, apricots or plums | 1 | 480 (46.8%) | 2.52 (1.24, 5.09) | 0.010 ** | 1.14 (0.53, 2.47) | 0.735 | 2.2 (0.95, 5.13) | 0.067 | ||
| 1 cup canned fruit | 2 | 327 (31.9%) | 3.45 (1.65, 7.21) | 0.001 ** | 1.39 (0.63, 3.06) | 0.416 | 2.48 (1.03, 6.01) | 0.043 * | ||
| A handful of dried fruit (e.g., 4 apricot halves) | 3 or more | 163 (15.9%) | 2.6 (1.17, 5.8) | 0.020 ** | 1.32 (0.56, 3.1) | 0.525 | 1.97 (0.75, 5.18) | 0.169 | ||
| Fruit juice | 1 cup fruit juice | 0 | 288 (28.1%) | 0.043 * | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |||
| 1 | 598 (58.3%) | 1.39 (0.92, 2.11) | 0.117 | 0.87 (0.58, 1.28) | 0.472 | 1.61 (0.98, 2.64) | 0.060 | |||
| 2 or more | 140 (13.6%) | 0.78 (0.44, 1.36) | 0.374 | 0.54 (0.32, 0.93) | 0.027 * | 1.43 (0.75, 2.72) | 0.281 | |||
| Salad and vegetables (not including potato) | 1 cup salad vegetables (e.g., lettuce, cucumber, tomato)½ cup cooked or canned vegetables | 0 | 44 (4.3%) | 0.003 ** | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |||
| 1 | 463 (45.1%) | 4.08 (1.74, 9.56) | 0.001 ** | 3.13 (1.38, 7.11) | 0.006 ** | 1.3 (0.55, 3.08) | 0.547 | |||
| 2 | 292 (28.5%) | 5.03 (2.09, 12.08) | <0.001 ** | 4.6 (1.97, 10.75) | <0.001 ** | 1.09 (0.44, 2.7) | 0.847 | |||
| 3 | 148 (14.4%) | 3.81 (1.5, 9.69) | 0.005 ** | 3.32 (1.36, 8.08) | 0.008 ** | 1.15 (0.44, 3.03) | 0.778 | |||
| 4 or more | 79 (7.7%) | 4.58 (1.61, 13.04) | 0.004 ** | 6.18 (2.17, 17.57) | 0.001 ** | 0.74 (0.23, 2.4) | 0.619 | |||
| Potato (not including chips) | ½ medium potato | 0 | 80 (7.8%) | <0.001 ** | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |||
| ½ cup mashed potato | 1 | 763 (74.4%) | 3.88 (2.09, 7.19) | <0.001 ** | 2.46 (1.35, 4.51) | 0.003 ** | 1.57 (0.81, 3.07) | 0.185 | ||
| 2 or more | 183 (17.8%) | 2.78 (1.37, 5.66) | 0.005 ** | 0.64 (0.33, 1.24) | 0.185 | 1.63 (0.75, 3.54) | 0.218 | |||
| Pasta, rice, or noodles | ½ cup cooked pasta or rice, noodles | 0 | 74 (7.2%) | 0.007 ** | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |||
| 1 | 739 (72%) | 2.89 (1.5, 5.59) | 0.002 ** | 2.5 (1.35, 4.61) | 0.003 ** | 1.16 (0.57, 2.35) | 0.682 | |||
| 2 or more | 213 (20.8%) | 2.63 (1.26, 5.5) | 0.010 ** | 1.99 (1.01, 3.92) | 0.046 * | 1.32 (0.6, 2.93) | 0.491 | |||
| Meat alternatives | 1 cup baked beans, cooked legumes or tofu | 0 | 121 (11.8%) | 0.151 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |||
| 1 | 764 (74.5%) | 1.8 (1.06, 3.05) | 0.031 * | 1.65 (1.01, 2.71) | 0.046 * | 1.09 (0.6, 1.97) | 0.786 | |||
| 2 large eggs | 2 or more | 141 (13.7%) | 1.53 (0.78, 2.99) | 0.218 | 1.67 (0.88, 3.16) | 0.119 | 0.92 (0.42, 1.99) | 0.825 | ||
| Fish | A cooked fish fillet about the size of an open hand (100 g) | 0 | 141 (13.7%) | 0.272 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |||
| 1 | 747 (72.8%) | 1.47 (0.9, 2.41) | 0.128 | 0.9 (0.54, 1.5) | 0.694 | 1.63 (0.89, 2.96) | 0.111 | |||
| One small can of fish (100 g) | 2 or more | 138 (13.5%) | 1.25 (0.64, 2.45) | 0.505 | 0.65 (0.35, 1.22) | 0.179 | 1.93 (0.89, 4.19) | 0.095 | ||
| Poultry | Cooked lean poultry such as chicken or turkey, about the size of an open hand (80 g) | 0 | 69 (6.7%) | 0.020 * | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |||
| 1 | 758 (73.9%) | 2.25 (1.19, 4.27) | 0.013 * | 1.1 (0.53, 2.28) | 0.798 | 2.05 (0.91, 4.6) | 0.084 | |||
| 2 or more | 199 (19.4%) | 1.96 (0.95, 4.05) | 0.069 | 0.68 (0.31, 1.48) | 0.334 | 2.87 (1.18, 6.98) | 0.020 * | |||
| Red meat | Cooked lean meat, about the size of a deck of playing cards (65 g) | 0 | 95 (9.3%) | 0.611 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |||
| 1 | 736 (71.7%) | 1.42 (0.78, 2.58) | 0.249 | 1.1 (0.61, 2) | 0.745 | 1.29 (0.63, 2.63) | 0.489 | |||
| 2 or more | 195 (19%) | 1.6 (0.79, 3.21) | 0.189 | 0.93 (0.48, 1.81) | 0.837 | 1.71 (0.75, 3.89) | 0.199 | |||
| Nuts and seeds | A handful of nuts /seeds | 0 | 174 (17%) | 0.001 ** | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |||
| 1 | 662 (64.5%) | 2.3 (1.45, 3.64) | <0.001 ** | 1.23 (0.78, 1.95) | 0.370 | 1.86 (1.08, 3.2) | 0.025 * | |||
| 2 or more | 190 (18.5%) | 1.33 (0.76, 2.34) | 0.322 | 0.73 (0.42, 1.27) | 0.266 | 1.82 (0.95, 3.48) | 0.071 | |||
| Savoury snacks | 2 slices of processed meat | 0 | 157 (15.3%) | 0.396 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |||
| 12 hot chips | 1 | 676 (65.9%) | 1.61 (0.99, 2.6) | 0.054 | 1.02 (0.63, 1.65) | 0.928 | 1.57 (0.88, 2.81) | 0.127 | ||
| ½ small packet of crisps (20 g) | 2 or more | 193 (18.8%) | 1.29 (0.72, 2.33) | 0.392 | 0.94 (0.53, 1.67) | 0.835 | 1.37 (0.68, 2.76) | 0.371 | ||
| Sweet snacks | 2 scoops ice cream | 0 | 107 (10.4%) | 0.165 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |||
| 1 doughnut, slice of cake, muffin | 1 | 718 (70%) | 1.97 (1.14, 3.4) | 0.015 * | 1.51 (0.89, 2.58) | 0.130 | 1.3 (0.69, 2.44) | 0.412 | ||
| ½ regular bar of chocolate (25 g) | 2 or more | 201 (19.6%) | 1.92 (1.01, 3.62) | 0.045 * | 1.49 (0.8, 2.77) | 0.207 | 1.29 (0.62, 2.67) | 0.500 | ||
| 2–3 biscuits | ||||||||||
| Water (including tea and coffee) | 1 cup (250 mL) | 0 | 38 (3.7%) | <0.001 ** | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |||
| 1 | 185 (18%) | 5.41 (2, 14.61) | 0.001 ** | 2.8 (1.09, 7.18) | 0.033 * | 1.94 (0.74, 5.03) | 0.175 | |||
| 2 | 118 (11.5%) | 5.83 (2.05, 16.59) | 0.001 ** | 3.69 (1.36, 10.01) | 0.010 ** | 1.58 (0.56, 4.45) | 0.386 | |||
| 3 | 140 (13.6%) | 5.41 (1.95, 15.05) | 0.001 ** | 4.19 (1.55, 11.36) | 0.005 ** | 1.29 (0.47, 3.57) | 0.623 | |||
| 4 or more | 545 (53.1%) | 10.63 (4.12, 27.4) | <0.001 ** | 5.07 (2.05, 12.54) | <0.001 ** | 2.1 (0.85, 5.15) | 0.107 | |||
| Additional drinks (not including alcohol) | 1 can of soft drink (375 mL) | 0 | 255 (24.9%) | 0.076 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |||
| 2 cups of cordial (500 mL) | 1 | 564 (55%) | 1.16 (0.75, 1.81) | 0.505 | 0.87 (0.57, 1.32) | 0.508 | 1.34 (0.79, 2.28) | 0.282 | ||
| 1 can energy drink (330 mL) | 2 | 143 (13.9%) | 0.79 (0.44, 1.43) | 0.437 | 0.68 (0.39, 1.19) | 0.174 | 1.16 (0.58, 2.32) | 0.666 | ||
| 2 cups of Sports drink (500 mL) | 3 or more | 64 (6.2%) | 0.41 (0.2, 0.87) | 0.019 * | 0.47 (0.23, 0.97) | 0.042 * | 0.87 (0.38, 2) | 0.750 | ||
| Alcohol | 30 mL spirits | 0 | 270 (26.3%) | 0.202 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |||
| 60 mL fortified wine | 1 | 367 (35.8%) | 1.33 (0.86, 2.08) | 0.204 | 1.2 (0.79, 1.83) | 0.390 | 1.11 (0.66, 1.86) | 0.698 | ||
| 100 mL wine | 2 | 214 (20.9%) | 1.4 (0.84, 2.35) | 0.198 | 1.34 (0.82, 2.19) | 0.239 | 1.05 (0.57, 1.92) | 0.885 | ||
| 425 mL light beer | 3 | 81 (7.9%) | 1.43 (0.68, 3.01) | 0.341 | 1.12 (0.58, 2.18) | 0.731 | 1.28 (0.54, 3.01) | 0.575 | ||
| 285 mL regular beer | 4 or more | 94 (9.2%) | 3.56 (1.49, 8.51) | 0.004 ** | 1.26 (0.69, 2.32) | 0.455 | 2.82 (1.09, 7.34) | 0.033 | ||
| Small bottle of premix drink or “alco-pop” (300 mL) | ||||||||||
a Serves as defined by the Australian Dietary Guidelines b Multinomial logistic regression model was adjusted for sociodemographic variables (age, household income, education and marital status). * p-value < 0.05; ** p-value < 0.01; OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; 1.00 (ref) = reference level.