Table 3.
Concentration ranges (µg/kg) of volatile compounds of raw, fermented, and roasted cocoa beans and chocolate.
| Volatile Aroma Compounds | Raw Beans [6,33] | End of Fermentation [6,33] | Roasting [59,60,61,62,63,64] | Chocolate [31,34,37] | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aldehydes | ||||||||||||
| 2-Methylbutanal | 0.70 | - | 1.24 | 0.49 | - | 1.46 | 111.00 | - | 4500.00 | 0.21 | - | 38.30 |
| Acetaldehyde | 0.02 | - | 0.85 | 0.00 | - | 0.18 | 285.00 | - | 285.00 | 0.60 | - | 41.70 |
| Benzaldehyde | 0.21 | - | 0.55 | 0.59 | - | 0.75 | 28.00 | - | 895.00 | 2.77 | - | 53.50 |
| Decanal | 0.03 | - | 0.06 | 0.02 | - | 0.04 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | |||
| Dodecanal | 0.00 | - | 0.02 | 0.00 | - | 0.01 | 0.10 | - | 0.50 | |||
| Furfural | 0.00 | - | 0.24 | 0.00 | - | 0.25 | 26.00 | - | 87.00 | |||
| Hexanal | 0.02 | - | 3.65 | 0.01 | - | 6.55 | ||||||
| Nonanal | 0.14 | - | 0.19 | 0.09 | - | 0.14 | 46.00 | - | 46.00 | 0.05 | - | 1.52 |
| Phenylacetaldehyde | 4.06 | - | 6.09 | 3.49 | - | 12.37 | 60.00 | - | 5500.00 | 0.06 | - | 0.15 |
| (E)-2-Undecenal | 0.00 | - | 0.01 | 0.00 | - | 0.05 | ||||||
| 2-Phenyl-2-butenal | 0.00 | - | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | 0.05 | ||||||
| Alcohols | ||||||||||||
| (Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol | 0.00 | - | 37.65 | 0.01 | - | 0.02 | ||||||
| 1,2-Propanediol | 0.00 | - | 0.00 | 0.07 | - | 0.35 | 1.10 | - | 1.70 | |||
| 1-Butanol | 3.20 | - | 33.26 | 0.91 | - | 10.50 | ||||||
| 1-Decanol | 0.01 | - | 0.01 | 0.01 | - | 0.01 | ||||||
| 1-Dodecanol | 0.02 | - | 0.17 | 0.05 | - | 0.38 | ||||||
| 1-Heptadecanol | 0.03 | - | 0.10 | 0.06 | - | 0.21 | ||||||
| 1-Heptanol | 0.04 | - | 0.05 | 0.00 | - | 0.00 | 0.03 | - | 0.05 | |||
| 1-Hexanol | 0.21 | - | 0.43 | 0.15 | - | 0.22 | ||||||
| 1-Octanol | 0.06 | - | 0.09 | 0.09 | - | 0.17 | ||||||
| 1-Octen-3-ol | 0.03 | - | 0.05 | 0.00 | - | 0.18 | ||||||
| 1-Pentanol | 0.13 | - | 0.83 | 0.07 | - | 0.14 | ||||||
| 1-Phenylethanol | 0.29 | - | 0.55 | 0.22 | - | 0.34 | ||||||
| 1-Propanol | 0.00 | - | 1.01 | 0.02 | - | 1.02 | ||||||
| 2,3-Butanediol | 0.00 | - | 9.60 | 0.00 | - | 2.07 | 62.00 | - | 356.00 | 35.40 | - | 65.35 |
| 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol | 0.31 | - | 0.49 | 0.14 | - | 0.34 | 0.37 | - | 0.71 | |||
| Furfuryl alcohol | 0.00 | - | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | 10.71 | 0.49 | - | 0.90 | |||
| 2-Heptanol | 0.35 | - | 0.54 | 0.00 | - | 8.97 | 32.00 | - | 1070.00 | 0.00 | - | 0.00 |
| 2-Hexanol | 0.42 | - | 1.13 | 0.07 | - | 0.18 | ||||||
| 2-Methyl-1-butanol | 0.00 | - | 3.36 | 0.00 | - | 2.75 | 0.10 | - | 3.70 | |||
| 2-Methyl-1-propanol | 0.00 | - | 0.22 | 0.00 | - | 10.33 | ||||||
| 2-Nonanol | 0.04 | - | 0.06 | 0.16 | - | 0.78 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | |||
| 2-Pentanol | 25.70 | - | 47.70 | 1.52 | - | 4.32 | 0.47 | - | 0.47 | |||
| 2-Phenylethanol | 0.31 | - | 0.55 | 0.00 | - | 6.87 | 63.00 | - | 7500.00 | 3.60 | - | 142.00 |
| 3-Methyl-1-butanol | 1.09 | - | 1.30 | 0.88 | - | 1.86 | 27.00 | - | 238.00 | 0.10 | - | 27.10 |
| 3-Methyl-1-pentanol | 0.63 | - | 7.64 | 0.00 | - | 3.08 | ||||||
| Benzyl alcohol | 0.04 | - | 0.05 | 0.03 | - | 0.07 | 104.00 | - | 104.00 | 0.20 | - | 0.23 |
| Ethanol | 2.17 | - | 3.89 | 1.25 | - | 3.81 | 124.00 | - | 124.00 | 4.06 | - | 6.71 |
| Isobutanol | 0.10 | - | 1.54 | 0.06 | - | 0.14 | ||||||
| Methanol | 0.00 | - | 15.74 | 0.00 | - | 24.41 | 9068.00 | - | 9068.00 | |||
| (E)-3-Hexen-1-ol | 0.00 | - | 43.75 | |||||||||
| Acids | ||||||||||||
| 2-Methylpropanoic acid | 0.00 | - | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | 0.60 | 79.00 | - | 79.00 | 7.70 | - | 48.80 |
| 3-Methylbutanoic acid | 0.05 | - | 0.10 | 3.51 | - | 9.20 | 86.00 | - | 9700.00 | 0.10 | - | 48.10 |
| Acetic acid | 0.68 | - | 1.30 | 4.33 | - | 28.40 | 5.60 | - | 330000.00 | 734.00 | - | 2555.70 |
| Butanoic acid | 0.00 | - | 7.36 | 0.00 | - | 13.10 | 21.00 | - | 570.00 | 1.30 | - | 2555.70 |
| Decanoic acid | 0.00 | - | 1.32 | 0.00 | - | 0.00 | ||||||
| Heptanoic acid | 0.00 | - | 9.79 | 0.00 | - | 0.09 | 31.00 | - | 31.00 | |||
| Hexanoic acid | 0.16 | - | 2.71 | 0.00 | - | 0.50 | 116.00 | - | 116.00 | 0.40 | - | 1.47 |
| Nonanoic acid | 0.00 | - | 10.28 | 0.00 | - | 0.00 | 0.10 | - | 0.10 | |||
| Octanoic acid | 0.03 | - | 0.06 | 0.11 | - | 0.27 | ||||||
| Ketones | ||||||||||||
| 2-Heptanone | 0.66 | - | 1.28 | 0.88 | - | 3.61 | 85.00 | - | 140.00 | 1.10 | - | 5.20 |
| 2-Pentanone | 1.55 | - | 9.73 | 1.01 | - | 2.23 | ||||||
| 2-Undecanone | 0.04 | - | 0.05 | 0.00 | - | 0.03 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | |||
| Acetoin | 0.38 | - | 0.47 | 1.23 | - | 5.98 | 14.00 | - | 1143.00 | 1.99 | - | 505.20 |
| Acetophenone | 1.17 | - | 3.06 | 0.81 | - | 2.31 | 14.00 | - | 225.00 | |||
| Esters | ||||||||||||
| 1,2-Propanediol diacetate | 6.50 | - | 8.11 | 1.21 | - | 2.53 | ||||||
| Isoamyl acetate | 0.00 | - | 56.50 | 0.00 | - | 17.65 | ||||||
| 2,3-Butanediol diacetate | 0.15 | - | 0.30 | 0.03 | - | 1.20 | ||||||
| 2-Pentanol acetate | 1.42 | - | 2.55 | 1.78 | - | 3.93 | ||||||
| Diethyl malate | 0.00 | - | 0.00 | 0.18 | - | 0.44 | ||||||
| Diethyl succinate | 0.06 | - | 11.65 | 0.00 | - | 0.93 | ||||||
| Ethyl acetate | 0.00 | - | 18.45 | 0.00 | - | 22.82 | 66.00 | - | 66.00 | 1.40 | - | 28.90 |
| Ethyl benzoate | 0.00 | - | 0.02 | 0.13 | - | 0.24 | 2.10 | - | 2.10 | |||
| Ethyl butanoate | 0.26 | - | 3.99 | 0.06 | - | 4.18 | ||||||
| Ethyl caproate | 0.17 | - | 0.22 | 0.43 | - | 0.94 | ||||||
| Ethyl dodecanoate | 0.00 | - | 1.64 | 0.38 | - | 1.77 | 24.00 | - | 24.00 | |||
| Ethyl octanoate | 0.00 | - | 0.03 | 0.00 | - | 74.29 | 3.30 | - | 143.00 | 0.09 | - | 19.10 |
| Ethyl pyruvate | 0.00 | - | 0.88 | 1.78 | - | 20.88 | ||||||
| Ethyl-o-toluate | 0.00 | - | 0.00 | 0.33 | - | 0.62 | ||||||
| Furfuryl acetate | 1.59 | - | 27.04 | 0.13 | - | 3.57 | ||||||
| Hexyl acetate | 0.00 | - | 0.01 | 0.00 | - | 0.04 | ||||||
| Isoamyl benzoate | 0.10 | - | 0.19 | 0.02 | - | 0.56 | ||||||
| Isobutyl acetate | 0.14 | - | 1.97 | 0.06 | - | 1.98 | ||||||
| Methyl octanoate | 0.10 | - | 0.15 | 0.00 | - | 0.00 | ||||||
| Mono-ethyl succinate | 0.00 | - | 1.98 | 0.00 | - | 0.52 | ||||||
| Hexyl butanoate | 0.00 | - | 0.05 | 0.00 | - | 0.00 | ||||||
| Phenyl acetate | 0.00 | - | 0.54 | 0.00 | - | 0.14 | ||||||
| α-Phenylethyl acetate | 0.00 | - | 0.45 | 0.17 | - | 0.89 | 34.00 | - | 930.00 | 2.60 | - | 37.10 |
| Propyl acetate | 0.00 | - | 0.09 | 0.00 | - | 1.34 | ||||||
| β-Phenylethyl acetate | 0.03 | - | 0.12 | 0.73 | - | 1.69 | ||||||
| Terpenes | ||||||||||||
| Carveol | 0.01 | - | 0.05 | 0.00 | - | 0.00 | ||||||
| (Z)-Linalool oxide pyranoid | 0.10 | - | 0.15 | 0.06 | - | 0.17 | ||||||
| (Z)-Linalool oxide furanoid | 0.03 | - | 0.10 | 0.00 | - | 0.10 | 21.00 | - | 21.00 | |||
| Nerylacetone | 0.02 | - | 0.04 | 0.00 | - | 0.00 | ||||||
| Limonene | 6.65 | - | 12.37 | 6.43 | - | 30.60 | ||||||
| Geraniol | 0.00 | - | 0.31 | 0.00 | - | 0.00 | ||||||
| Limonene epoxide | 0.29 | - | 0.90 | 0.00 | - | 0.02 | ||||||
| Sabinene | 0.05 | - | 0.17 | 0.05 | - | 0.30 | ||||||
| α-Caryophyllene | 0.08 | - | 0.09 | 0.07 | - | 0.18 | ||||||
| α-Citral | 0.03 | - | 0.10 | 0.02 | - | 0.15 | ||||||
| α-Limonene diepoxide | 0.00 | - | 0.02 | 0.00 | - | 0.02 | ||||||
| β-Caryophyllene | 0.01 | - | 0.02 | 0.01 | - | 0.03 | ||||||
| β-Citronellol | 0.00 | - | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | 0.41 | ||||||
| β-Myrcene | 1.98 | - | 2.32 | 0.96 | - | 3.14 | 66.00 | - | 66.00 | |||
| (E)-β-ocimene | 0.08 | - | 0.34 | 0.06 | - | 0.51 | ||||||
| Lactones | ||||||||||||
| Δ-Decalactone | 0.00 | - | 0.20 | |||||||||
| Other compounds | ||||||||||||
| 1,1-Diethoxyethane | 0.06 | - | 21.65 | 0.12 | - | 5.83 | ||||||
| o-Guaiacol | 0.00 | - | 0.01 | 0.02 | - | 0.62 | 230.00 | - | 230.00 | |||
| Phenol | 0.02 | - | 0.03 | 0.02 | - | 0.37 | 7.00 | - | 7.00 | |||
| trans-Methyl dihydrojasmonate | 0.02 | - | 0.04 | 0.02 | - | 0.04 | ||||||
Values are expressed as concentration ranges (µg/kg). Not statistical analysis was applied due to unbalanced sample size. Different color showed decrease (light blue) or increase (light green) of selected VOC concentrations.