Table 1.
Baseline participant clinical, anthropometrical and cognitive characteristics.
| CONTROL (n = 48) |
COGNITIVE (n = 48) |
Sig. (t-test, χ-test) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 46 ± 7 | 44 ± 10 | 0.376 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.18 ± 3.98 | 31.71 ± 4.20 | 0.643 |
| Waist | 101.4 ± 10.0 | 101.9 ± 11.2 | 0.856 |
| Body fat (%) | 37.62 ± 7.99 | 37.04 ± 6.09 | 0.764 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 130 ± 13 | 118 ± 16 | 0.220 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 79 ± 7 | 71 ± 9 | 0.120 |
| FPG (mg/dl) | 101 ± 23 | 93 ± 10 | 0.089 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 117 ± 49 | 107 ± 27 | 0.144 |
| cHDL (mg/dl) | 34 ± 11 | 43 ± 11 | 0.015 |
| Cognitive variables | |||
| Working memory (Z-L-N score) | 0.80 ± 1.06 | 1.04 ± 1.02 | 0.433 |
| Selective attention (Z-Total d2 test) | 0.23 ± 1.52 | 0.04 ± 1.34 | 0.656 |
| Z-Focusing Index (d2 test) | −0.66 ± 1.53 | −0.70 ± 1.27 | 0.913 |
| Z-Inhibition (5-digit test) | 0.26 ± 1.10 | 0.17 ± 0.78 | 0.997 |
| Z-Flexibility (5-digit test) | −0.21 ± 1.36 | −0.42 ± 1.01 | 0.598 |
| Task planning (Z score 30 min) | 1.90 ± 0.69 | 1.96 ± 1.11 | 0.884 |
| Decision making (Z-IGT score) | −0.82 ± 1.49 | −0.31 ± 1.39 | 0.223 |
Data represent Mean ± SD. BMI = body mass index, SBP = Systolic blood pressure, DBP = diastolic blood pressure, FPG = fasting plasma glucose, TOT = total d2 test effectiveness, FI = Focusing index, Min = minutes. IGT = Iowa Gambling Task. Cognitive variables were standardized to z-scores.