Table 4.
The association between water intake from different sources and dietary characteristics among breastfeeding women g
| Variables | Total water | Plain water | Water from beverage | Water from food | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β(95%CI)h | Pi | β(95%CI)h | Pi | β(95%CI)h | Pi | β(95%CI)h | Pi | |
| Energy (100 kcal)g | 54 (34,75) | < 0.001** | 5(− 22,13) | 0.612 | 12 (8,16) | < 0.001** | 47 (37,57) | < 0.001** |
| Protein(5 g)gj | 53 (34,72) | < 0.001** | 2(−14,19) | 0.470 | 10 (5,14) | < 0.001** | 41 (32,51) | < 0.001** |
| Fat(5 g)gj | 58 (30,87) | < 0.001** | −5(−28,19) | 0.953 | 17 (11,23) | < 0.001** | 46 (31,61) | < 0.001** |
| Carbohydrate(5 g)gj | 16 (9,23) | < 0.001** | −2(−8,4) | 0.213 | 3 (2,4) | < 0.001** | 15 (12,18) | < 0.001** |
| Fiber(5 g)gj | 212 (142,281) | < 0.001** | −2(−63,60) | 0.766 | 24 (8,40) | < 0.001** | 190 (161,219) | < 0.001** |
| Na+(100 mg)gj | 54 (26,83) | < 0.001** | −15(−38,8) | 0.693 | 15 (10,21) | < 0.001** | 53 (39,67) | < 0.001** |
| Energy from protein (5%)g | 208(− 136,553) | 0.234 | 173(−92,439) | 0.197 | −25(−98,47) | 0.487 | 41 (5) | 0.547 |
| Energy from fat (5%)g | −35(− 208,137) | 0.686 | −8(− 140,125) | 0.910 | 38 (3,74) | 0.034* | 46 (8) | 0.182 |
| Energy from carbohydrate (5%)g | 15(−104,134) | 0.808 | −10(− 102,82) | 0.831 | −17(−42,7) | 0.165 | 15 (2) | 0.220 |
gThe multiple liner regression models were adjusted for age (continuous), BMI (categorized variables), working status (housewife, government employment, professionals, service, other), educational level (high school or below, college, graduate or up), physical activity (low, middle, high), and feeding modes (mixed feeding, breastfeeding); h All values represented βs (95%CI) which were associated with units of measurement given in parentheses for each independent variable (for example, when there was a 100 kcal/day increase in energy intake, TWI would increase by 54 mL, plain water intake 5 mL, water intake from beverages 12 mL, and water intake from foods 47 mL); i P Values obtained from the multiple linear regression analyses indicated the significance of the association of each independent variable with all water variables, ** P Values < 0.001; *P Values < 0.05; j besides the covariates as above mentioned, total daily energy (continuous) intake was also included in the model as an independent variable