Table 1.
Patients’ demographic data and clinical characteristics
| Variable | All Patients (n = 23) | Non-Survivors (n = 10) | Survivors (n = 13) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 57 (19) | 55 (7) | 58 (20) | 0.250 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 19 (82.6) | 7 (70) | 12 (92.3) | 0.281 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 4 (17.4) | 1 (10) | 3 (23.1) | 0.604 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 15 (65.2) | 5 (50) | 10 (76.9) | 0.221 |
| Duration of ECMO support (days) | 5 (5) | 7 (11) | 4 (1) | 0.483 |
| Duration of ICU stay (days) | 11 (10) | 8 (11) | 17 (38) | 0.020 |
| Mechanical ventilation (days) | 8 (8) | 8 (11) | 8 (8) | 0.454 |
| IABP, n (%) | 18 (78.3) | 8 (80) | 10 (76.9) | 1.000 |
| Myocardial failure during operation | 10 (55.6) | 6 (75) | 4 (40) | 0.188 |
| Cardiogenic shock | 8 (44.4) | 2 (25) | 6 (60) | 0.188 |
| Indication for ECMO, n (%) | 0.119 | |||
| Postcardiotomy | 12 (52.2) | 5 (50) | 7 (53.8) | |
| Myocarditis | 1 (4.3) | 1 (10) | 0 (0) | |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 6 (26.1) | 1 (10) | 5 (38.5) | |
| Heart transplantation | 1 (4.3) | 1 (10) | 0 (0) | |
| Profound shock with desaturation | 2 (8.7) | 2 (20) | 0 (0) | |
| VT with cardiogenic shock | 1 (4.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (7.7) | |
| Complication of ECMO, n (%) | ||||
| Lower extremity ischemia | 2 (8.7) | 1 (10) | 1 (7.7) | 1.000 |
| Stroke | 1 (4.3) | 1 (10) | 0 (0) | 0.435 |
| Coma or brain hypoxia | 4 (17.4) | 4 (40) | 0 (0) | 0.024 |
| Significant bleeding | 8 (34.8) | 4 (40) | 4 (30.8) | 0.685 |
| Rethoractomy for bleeding | 5 (21.7) | 2 (20) | 3 (23.1) | 1.000 |
| Vasopressor/inotrope on ECMO 1st day | ||||
| Dopamine (μg/kg/min) | 0.0 (9.5) | 0.0 (4.7) | 0.0 (10.7) | 0.538 |
| Norepinephrine (μg/kg/min) | 0.1 (0.2) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.0 (0.2) | 0.324 |
| Dobutamine (μg/kg/min) | 0.0 (6.3) | 5.0 (5.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.032 |
| Epinephrine (μg/kg/min) | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.4 (0.4) | 0.0 (0.2) | 0.027 |
| Biochemistry data on ECMO 1st day | ||||
| MAP (mmHg) | 58 (19) | 55 (21) | 59 (14) | 0.306 |
| Diuresis (ml/kg/hr) | 0.9 (1.1) | 1.2 (1.0) | 0.9 (1.0) | 0.495 |
| SCr (mg/dL) | 1.4 (0.8) | 1.3 (0.5) | 1.5 (0.9) | 0.321 |
| WBC count (cu/mm) × 1000 | 16.0 (17.8) | 16.9 (12.3) | 15.7 (17.8) | 0.756 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 9.2 (1.5) | 9.1 (1.1) | 9.4 (2.0) | 0.710 |
| Platelets (× 109/L) | 9.7 (8.6) | 9.0 (7.9) | 10.2 (10.9) | 0.535 |
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 143 (18) | 147 (20) | 143 (11) | 0.456 |
| Potassium (mEq/L) | 3.2 (1.8) | 3.2 (2.0) | 3.6 (1.5) | 0.926 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 2.7 (0.7) | 2.8 (0.2) | 2.7 (1.1) | 1.000 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 79.4 (48.9) | 83.2 (75.2) | 75.3 (15.2) | 0.710 |
| PaO2/FiO2 | 384 (235) | 187 (411) | 395 (99) | 0.193 |
| AaDO2 | 237 (163) | 388 (382) | 235 (87) | 0.172 |
| APACHE II score | 23 (10) | 26 (10) | 23 (8) | 0.153 |
| SOFA score | 10 (5) | 11 (5) | 9 (2) | 0.026 |
| Acute kidney injury, n (%) | 18 (78.3) | 8 (80) | 10 (76.9) | 1.000 |
| KDIGO criteria (Stage 0/1/2/3) | 5/10/4/4 | 2/4/3/1 | 3/6/1/3 | 0.572 |
| Renal replacement therapy, n (%) | 10 (43.5) | 4 (40) | 6 (46.2) | 1.000 |
Continuous data were presented median (interquartile); ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, ICU intensive care unit, IABP intraaortic balloon pumping, VT ventricular tachycardia, MAP mean arterial pressure, SCr serum creatinine, WBC white blood cell, PaO2 partial pressure of oxygen, FiO2 fraction of inspired oxygen, AaDO2 alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference, APACHE II acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II, SOFA sequential organ failure assessment, KDIGO kidney disease improving global outcomes