Table 4.
Visceral hypersensitivity models in animal studies (other models).
| Author (year) |
Model (animal, gender, number) |
Acupuncture groups | Control groups | Outcomes | Results | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acupuncture | Acupoints number, duration |
Control | Acupoints number, duration |
||||
| (1) Du et al. (1976) [52] | Splanchnic nerve stimulation (cat, -,-) | (A) Model+EA (25/70/100Hz) | (A) GB31, 34, LI11, TE5 - |
- | - | (1) VSR | Within group (1) (A): inhibited |
| (2) Zhang et al. (1989) [53] | Splanchnic nerve stimulation (cat, -, total 35) | (A) Model+EA (5Hz) | (A) PC6 1,3-5min |
(B) Model+Morphine (C) Model+EA+NAL |
(C) PC6 1, 3-5min |
(1) C-CEPs (2) A-CEPs |
Within group (1) (A), (B): reduced amplitudes (2) (A), (B): reduced amplitude of late component |
| (3) Guoxi (1991) [54] | Splanchnic nerve stimulation (cat, m, total 219) | (A) Model+EA | (A) ST36 - |
- | - | (1) Electrical activities in thalamus | Within group (1) (A): inhibited in 45 out of 48 neurons |
| (4) Shu et al. (1994) [48] | Splanchnic nerve stimulation (Wistar rat, m, 3/4/4) | (A) Model+EA | (A) ST36, SP6 - |
(B) Control (C) Model |
- | (1) Pain threshold (2) Glucose metabolic rate |
Within group (1) (A): increase after treatment Between groups (2) (A)<(C): TDH, LC, ventral PAG, CPC, HL, Hippo, CP, NRD, NCS, TPV, ACC, accumbens, NSL, SC (C)<(A): LDH, NRM, NRG, PAG (B)<(C): NRM, PGL, LC, NRG, HA, CCGM |
| (5) Cai et al. (1994) [57] | Splanchnic nerve stimulation (rabbit, m/f, 8/4/6/6/7/9/6/6) | (A) Model+EA (25Hz)+SAL | (A) EX-B2 (T12,L1,L2) 1, 30min |
(B) Model+SAL (C) Model+ MCP (D) Model+EA (25Hz)+MCP (E) Model+EA+MCP+SAL (F) Model+EA+MCP+APO (G) Model+EA+MCP+SKF38393 (H) Model+EA+MCP+LY171555 |
(D)-(H) EX-B2 1, 30min |
(1) Pain threshold (2) DA in CSF (3) DOPAC in CSF (4) HVA in CSF |
Within group (1) (A), (C), (D), (F): elevated compared to baseline (4) (A), (C): elevated compared to baseline Between groups (1) (A), (C)<(D); (B)<(C); (F), (G), (H)<(E) (4) (A),(C)>(B) |
| (6) Kwon et al. (2001) [56] | Acetic acid injection (ICR mice, m, 10-20/group) | (A) Model+BV (B) Model+BV+NAL (C) Model+BV+Yo |
(A) CV12 1, - |
(D) Model+BV (E) Model+SAL |
(D) non-acupoint 1, - |
(1) Abdominal stretches (2) c-Fos in spinal cord, NTS |
Between groups (1) (A), (D)<(E) (2) (A)<(E) |
| (7) Yu et al. (2008) [55] |
Acetic acid injection (mice, m/f, 12/group) | (A) WT Model+MA (B) Connexin 43 gene knockout HT Model+MA |
(A),(B) CV12, ST36 1, 30min |
(C) WT control (D) HT control (E) WT model (F) HT model |
- - |
(1) c-Fos in the spinal dorsal horn | Between groups (1) (A)<(E), (A)<(B) |
| (8) Yu et al. (2008) [22] |
Acetic acid injection (mice, m/f, 18/group) | (A) Model+WT MA (B) Connexin 43 gene knockout HT ++Model+MA |
(A),(B) CV12, ST36 1, 30min |
(C) WT control (D) HT control (E) WT model (F) HT model |
- - |
(1) Latency of writhing response (2) Number of writhing response (3) β-endorphin in hypothalamus (4) Plasma PGE2 |
Between groups (1), (3) (A)>(E), (A)>(B) (2), (4) (A)<(E), (A)<(B) |
| (9) Liu et al. (2010) [23] | Acetic acid injection (SD rat, m/f, 6/group) | (A) Model+EA (2/20Hz) (B) Model+EA+Snake venom (C) Modal+EA+SAL |
(A)-(C) ST2 1, 20 min |
(D) Control (E) Model (F) Model+EA+ION transection |
(F) ST2 1, 20 min |
(1) Abdominal muscular contractions (2) c-Fos expression in the NTS (3) c-Fos expression in the PTN |
Between groups (1), (2) (A),(E)>(D); (A),(B),(C)<(E), (A)<(F) (3) (A),(B),(C)>(E), (A),(B),(C)>(F) |
| (10) Liu et al. (2011) [31] | Acetic acid injection (SD rat, -, -) | (A) Model+EA (2/20Hz, 1.0mA) (B) Model+EA (2/20Hz, 2.0mA) (C) Model+ EA (2/20Hz, 4.5mA) (D) EA (2/20Hz) (E)-(G) Model+EA (2/20Hz) |
(A)-(E) ST2 (F) GB14 (G) ST6 1, 20min |
(H) Control (I) Model (J) Model+Sham EA (ns) (K) Model+EA (2/20Hz) |
(J) ST2 (K) non-acupoint 1, 20min |
(1) c-Fos (2) Abdominal contractions |
Within group (1) (D): in the NTS, CPTN, PTN, postrema, DMN of the vagus, RF (blocked by infraorbital nerves transaction pretreatment in PTN) (1) (B), (C), (E), (G), (K): inhibited in NTS (1) (B)-(E), (G), (K): increased in PTN (1), (2) (E): infraorbital nerves transaction and capsaicin pretreatment inhibited the effect of EA on reduced (1) and (2) Between groups (2) (D), (E), (G), (H), (K)<(I) (B), (C)<(A), (I), (K) |
| (11) Gong et al. (1992) [50] |
Antimonium potassium tartrate injection (Wistar rat, m/f, 15/10/7/-/12/8/9/8/6/6/10/8/15/15) | (A) Model+EA (45/12.5Hz) (B) Model+EA (45/12.5Hz) +electrical stimulation of PVN |
GV26, CV24 1, 20min |
(C) Control (D) Model (E) Model+Sham EA (ns) (F) Model+EA+sham stimulation of PVN (G) Model+EA+lesion of PVN (H) Model+EA+sham lesion of PVN (I) Model+EA+vasopressin antagonist (J) Model+EA+SAL (K) Model+EA+vasopressin antiserum (L) Model+EA+normal serum (M) Model+EA+vasopressin antagonist (N) Model+EA+SAL |
(E)-(N) GV26, CV24 1, 20min |
(1) Writhing response | Between groups (1) (A)<(E), (B)<(F), (G)>(H), (I)>(J), (K)>(L) |
| (12) Xu et al. (2010) [59] | Formalin injection (SD rat, m, 8/group) | (A) EA (20Hz, ~1mA) (B) Model+EA (20Hz, ~1mA) |
(A), (B) EX-B2 (L3, 6) 1, 20min |
(C) Control (D) Model |
- | (1) Visceral pain behavior (2) p38 in colon, spinal dorsal horn (3) c-Fos in colon, spinal dorsal horn (4) Plasma β-endorphin (5) SP in colon |
Between groups (1) (B)<(D) (2), (3), (5) (B), (C)<(D) (4) (C)<(D)<(B) |
| (13) Rong et al. (2005) [44] |
CRD (SD rat, m, total 67) | (A) Model+non receptive field MA (2-3Hz) (B) Model+receptive field MA |
(A) ST36 (contr) (B) ST36 (ips) 1, 30s |
(C) Model (D) Model+non receptive field pinch (E) Model+ receptive field pinch (F) Model+hot water on tail (non receptive filed) (G) Model+ non receptive field MA+acute freeze of spinal cord (H) Model+acute freeze of spinal cord |
(G) ST36 (contralateral) 1, 30s |
(1) Electrical activities of spinal dorsal horn WDR neurons of L1-L3 | Within groups (1) (A), (D): decreased (B), (G), (H): increased Between groups (1) (A),(D)<(C); (A)<(G) |
| (14) Rong et al. (2005) [24] |
CRD (SD rat, -, 17/17/9/15/9) | (A), (B) Model+MA (2Hz) | (A) ST36 (contr) (B) ST36 (ips) 1, 30s |
(C) Pinch (contr) (D) Pinch (ips) (E) Model |
- | (1) Electrical activities in spinal dorsal horn | Between groups (1) (A), (C)<(E) ((A)<(E) effect blocked after spinalization) |
| (15) Zhang et al. (2009) [28] | CRD (SD rat, m, 58) | (a), (b) Model+EA (2Hz, 1mA) | (a) ST36 (contr) (b) ST36 (ips) 1, 320s |
(c) Model (d) Model+EA (2Hz, 1mA, 0.5ms) (e) Model+EA (100Hz, 1mA, 0.5ms) |
(c)-(e) center of receptive field 1, 320s |
(1) Electrical activities in thalamus | Between groups (1) (d), (e)<(c) (e)<(d) (d)<(a), (b) |
| (16) Chen et al. (2010) [51] | CRD (Wistar rat, m, 9/group) | (A) Model+EA (B) Model+EA (C) Model+EA (2/15Hz, 2mA) |
(A) ST36 (B) PC6 (C) LR3 1, 15min |
(D) Control (E) Model+Sham EA (non-acupoint, 2/15Hz, 2mA) |
(E) non-acupoint 1, 15min |
(1) MAP (2) HR (3) HRV HF (4) LF (5) LF/HF |
Within group (2) (A), (B) decreased Between groups (1) (A),(B)<(C),(D),(E) (4) (A),(B),(C)<(D) (5) (A),(B)<(D) |
| (17) Liu et al. (2014) [35] | CRD (SD rat, m, 62) | (a)-(c) Model+EA (10Hz, 2mA) | (a) ST36 (b) PC6 (c) Auricular acupoint (heart) 1, 30s |
- | - | (1) Electrical activities in NTS | Within group (1) (a), (b), (c): reduced in 5-10 neurons and increased in 2 neurons among 21 excited neurons by CRD reversed in 9-15 neurons among 24 inhibited neurons by CRD |
| (18) Yu et al. (2014) [36] | CRD (SD rat, m, 10-11/group) | (a) Model+EA (15Hz, 1.5mA) (b) Model+EA (15Hz, 6mA) (c) Model+EA (15Hz, 4mA) |
(a)-(c) ST36, 37 2, 30s |
(d) Model | - | (1) Electrical activities of wide dynamic range neurons (2) Electrical activities of SRD neurons |
Within group (1) (a), (b): increased after treatment and CRD (d): increased (2) (c), (d): significant responses (a), (b): increased after CRD |
| (19) Li et al. (2014) [37] | CRD (SD rat, f, 8/7/7/7) | (A) Model+auricular EA (25Hz, 0.8mA) | (A) Auricular acupoints (stomach, small intestine) 1, 30min |
(B) Control (C) Model (D) Model+sham EA |
(D) no vagal innervation points 1, 30min |
(1) VMR (2) mRNA of 5-HT1a receptor in colon (3) mRNA of 5-HT1a receptor in raphe nuclei |
Within group (1) (C): increased Between groups (1) (B)<(A), (C), (D) (1), (2) (A)<(C) (3) (A)<(C), (D) |
| (20) Yu et al. (2014) [47] | CRD (SD rat, m, 22) | (a) preEA+Model+EA (15Hz, 1mA) (b) preEA+Model+EA (15Hz, 4mA) (c) preEA+Model+EA (15Hz, 7mA) (d) preEA+Model+EA (15Hz, 10mA) |
(a)-(d) ST36 (ips) 2, 30s |
- | - - |
(1) Electrical activities of WDR in lumbar spinal cord | Within group (1) (a), (b), (c), (d): increased |
| (21) Liu et al. (2015) [38] | CRD (SD rat, m, 8/group) | (A) Model+EA (2/100Hz) | (A) ST37 7, 20min |
(B) Control (C) Model (D) Model+sham EA (ns) |
(D) ST37 7, 20min |
(1) AWR (2) CRH in colon (3) CRH in spinal cord, hypothalamus (4) mRNA of CRH in colon, spinal cord, hypothalamus |
Between groups (1) (A), (B)<(C); (A)<(D) (2) (A), (B), (D)<(C) (3) (A), (B)<(C),(D) (except (A)<(D) in the spinal cord) (4) (A), (B)<(C); (B)<(D)<(C) (only in hypothalamus) |
| (22) Rong et al. (2015) [40] | CRD (SD rat, m, 26) | (a) Model+EA (20Hz) | (A) ST36, 37 2, 30s |
(b) Model | - | (1) Discharge frequency of VPL neurons in thalamus | Within group (1) (a): increased after CRD (b): increased |
| (23) Iwa et al. (2005) [58] |
Rectal distension (Dog, f 4, 6/group) | (A) Model+EA (10Hz) | (A) ST36 1, 30min |
(B) Model+EA (C) Model+EA+NAL (D) Model+EA+NAL methiodide |
(B) BL21 (C), (D) ST36 1, 30min |
(1) Arterial blood pressure |
Within group (1) (A), (D): decreased after treatment |
| (24) Lin et al. (2009) [45] | Gastric distension (SD rat, m, 10/group) | (A) Model+EA (2Hz, 1-3mA) (B) Model+EA (100Hz, 1-3mA) |
(A),(B) ST36 7, 30min |
(C) Control (D) Model (E) Sham model |
- - |
(1) Pain score (2) β-endorphin in hypothalamus (3) SP in hypothalamus |
Within group (1) (A), (B) decreased Between groups (1) (B)>(A)>(D)>(C),(E) (2),(3) (A)>(B)>(D)>(C),(E) |
| (25) Sun et al. (1991) [49] | Somatic and visceral noxious stimuli (Wistar rat, m/f, 23/28/-/16) | (A) Model+EA (6v, 8Hz) | (A) ST36 1, 15min |
(B) Model (C) Model+Morphine (D) Model+Morphine+NAL |
- - |
(1) Discharge of PEN in VPN (2) Discharge of PIN in VPN |
Within group (1) (A): reduced (2) (A): enhanced |
| (26) Lorenzini et al. (2010) [30] | Cystitis (SD rat, m, total 48) | (A) Cystitis+PWL | (A)-(F) ST36, TE5 Various |
(B) Cystitis | - | (1) Urinary bladder weight, mucosal erosion, ulceration, edema, petechial hemorrhages, thickness of bladder wall (2) Visceral pain behavior |
Within group (1), (2) (A), (B): increased |
| (27) Yang et al. (2010) [46] | Visceral traction (SD rat, m, 10/group) | (A) Model+ LA (650nm, 10mW) | (A) ST36 1, 30min |
(B) Sham model (C) Model (D) Model+Moxa |
(D) ST36 1, 30min |
(1) Pain score (2) Systolic pressure (3) AChE (4) SP (5) LEK (6) Positive index of c-Fos protein (7) Positive index of GFAP |
Between groups (1), (3) (A),(B),(D)<(C) (2) (A),(B)<(C) (4) (B)<(A)<(D)<(C) (5) (A)>(B),(C),(D) (6), (7) (B)<(A),(D)<(C) |
Group written in lowercase letters (e.g., (a), (b), and (c)): different treatments in the same population, unless stated otherwise. Group written in capital letters (e.g., (A), (B), and (C)): different treatments in different population.
ACC: anterior cingulate cortex; A-CEPs: cortical evoked potentials of A-fibers; AChE: acetylcholinesterase; APO: apomorphine; AWR: Abdominal withdrawal reflex; BL: Bladder Meridian; BV: bee venom; C-CEPs: cortical evoked potentials of C-fibers; CCGM: centralis corpus geniculatum medialis; contr: contralateral; CP: caudate putamen; CPTN: caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus; CRD: colorectal distension; CRH: corticotropin-releasing hormone; CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; CV: Conception Vessel Meridian; DA: dopamine; DMN: dorsal motor nucleus; DOPAC: dopaceticacid; EA: electro-acupuncture; f: female; GB: Gall Bladder Meridian; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; GV: Governing Vessel Meridian; HA: hypothalamic arcuatus; HF: high frequency heart rate variability; Hippo: hippocampus; HL: habenulae lateralis; HR: heart rate; HRV: heart rate variability; HT: heterozygote; HVA: homovanillic acid; ION: infraorbital nerve; ips: ipsilateral; IT: intrathecal injection; L: lumbar vertebrae; LA: laser acupuncture; LC: locus coeruleus; LDH: lumbar dorsal horns; LEK: leu-enkephalin; LF: low frequency heart rate variability; LI: Large Intestine Meridian; LR: Liver Meridian; m:male; MA: manual acupuncture; mA: milliampere; MAP: mean arterial pressure; MCP: metoclopramide; min: minutes; Moxa: moxibustion; mRNA: messenger ribonucleic acid; ms: milliseconds; NAL: naloxone; NCS: nucleus centralis superior; NRD: nucleus raphe dorsalis; NRG: nucleus reticular gigantocellularis; NRM: nucleus raphe magnus; ns: not stimulated; NSL: nucleus septal lateralis; NTS: nucleus tractus solitarii; PAG: periaqueductal gray; PC: Pericardium Meridian; CPC: centromedian-parafascicula; PEN: pain-excitation neurons; PGE2: prostaglandin E2; PGL: paragigantocellularis lateralis, PIN: pain-inhibitory neurons; PTN: paratrigeminal nucleus; PVN: paraventricular nucleus; PWL: pulsed wave laser; RF: reticular formation; SAL: saline; s: seconds; SC: somatosensory cortex; SD: Sprague Dawley; SP: substance P; SRD: subnucleus reticularis dorsalis; ST: Stomach Meridian; T: thoracic vertebrae; TDH: thoracic dorsal horns; TE: Triple Energizer Meridian; TPV: thalamic posterior ventralis; VMR: visceral motor response (reflex); VPL: ventralis posterior lateralis; VPN: ventral posterolateral nucleus; VSR: viscerosomatic reflex discharges; WDR: wide dynamic range; WT: wild type; Yo: yohimbine; 5-HT: 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor.