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. 2019 May 9;10:495. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00495

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Copyright © 2019 Yang, Yang, Thomes, Kharbanda, Casey, McNiven and Donohue.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic of lipophagy pathways. Shown are the three major lipophagic pathways: macrolipophagy (right), microlipophagy (left) and chaperone-mediated autophagy of lipid droplet proteins (top center). Details of each pathway are described in the text. Direct lipolysis by cytosolic lipases of a lipid droplet is shown in the center. Figure reproduced from Figure 1 by Schulze et al. (2017b) with permission. Note: The figure shows steps in the pathways that are inhibited by ethanol consumption. These are denoted by the numbered symbols indicated by (EtOH.) In (1) ethanol consumption blocks CMA by inhibiting AMPK; in (2) ethanol consumption prevents lysosome biogenesis by inhibiting TFEB; in (3) ethanol consumption impairs lipolysis by inhibiting ATGL and HSL; in (4) ethanol consumption blocks mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation by causing mitochondrial damage and inactivating PPAR- alpha. Details of each are described in the text.