Figure 2.

Comparing traditional treatment models to precision medicine–informed treatment models in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). In a traditional paradigm of DCIS treatment, two patients (A and B) with an intermediate-grade DCIS would be treated with surgery and radiotherapy. In contrast, a precision medicine–based treatment approach would incorporate genomic biomarkers to stratify DCIS lesions according to risk of recurrence or invasion; in this example, one patient's DCIS (patient DCIS A) was determined to be high risk, which would be treated with the standard surgery and radiotherapy, whereas the other low-risk DCIS (patient DCIS B) would be treated with active surveillance or surgery only.