Table 3. Summary table of studies contributing to each theme according to level of trustworthiness.
| Theme | High trustworthiness | Medium trustworthiness | Low trustworthiness |
|---|---|---|---|
| ANTECEDENTS | |||
| Sociocultural Context | |||
| Sociocultural context: Menstrual stigma | (n = 9) Chebii 2018 [43]; Lahme 2016 [68, 69]; Mason 2013 [11]; Morrison 2016 [72]; Rheinlander 2018 [81]; Scorgie 2016 [84]; Sommer 2009 [3, 8, 87]; Sommer 2015 [88, 89]; Sosa-Sanchez [90] |
(n = 18) Adegbayi 2017 [32]; Al Omari 2016 [33]; Bilandi 2015 [38]; Caruso 2013 [41]; da Silva Bretas [52]; Do Amaral 2011 [55]; Garg 2001 [14]; Hosseini 2018 [60]; IWDA 2017 [62, 63]; Jewitt 2014 [64]; Long 2013 [9]; McMahon 2011 [5]; Miiro 2018 [70]; Nechitilo 2016 [77]; Padmanabhanunni 2017 [78]; Secor-Turner 2016 [85]; Wall 2018 [100]; WaterAid 2009 [101] |
(n = 10) Boosey 2014 [39]; Dolan 2014 [4]; Krishnan 2016 [66]; Kyomugisha 1999 [67]; Naeem 2015 [74]; Person 2014 [80]; Tamiru 2015 [91]; Ullrich 1992 [96]; UN Women 2017 [98]; WSSCC 2014 [102] |
| Sociocultural context: Gender norms | (n = 7) Caruso 2017 [16]; Girod 2017 [58]; Lahme 2016 [68, 69]; Mason 2013 [11]; Rheinlander 2018 [81]; Sommer 2009 [3, 8, 87]; Sosa-Sanchez [90] |
(n = 8) Al-Sabir 1998 [34]; Castaneda 1996 [42]; Do Amaral 2011 [55]; Ellis 2016 [57]; Hosseini 2018 [60]; Jewitt 2014 [64]; Padmanabhanunni 2017 [78]; Secor-Turner 2016 [85] |
(n = 2) Dolan 2014 [4]; Ullrich 1992 [96] |
| Social support | (n = 14) Aziato 2014 [103, 104]; Chebii 2018 [43]; Chinyama 2019 [44]; Crichton 2013 [10]; Daniels 2016 [51]; Girod 2017 [58]; Hemachandra 2009 [105]; Lahme 2016 [68, 69]; Mason 2013 [11]; Morrison 2018 [72]; Rheinlander 2018 [81]; Scorgie 2016 [84]; Sommer 2009 [3, 8, 87]; Sommer 2015 [88, 89] |
(n = 27) Adegbayi 2017 [32]; Al Omari 2016 [33]; Al-Sabir 1998 [34]; Behera 2015 [37]; Caruso 2013 [41]; Castaneda 1996 [42]; Crawford 2014 [47]; Do Amaral 2011 [55]; Devnarain 2011 [53]; Ellis 2016 [56, 57]; Garg 2001 [14]; Hosseini 2018 [60]; IWDA 2017 [62, 63]; Jewitt 2014 [64]; Long 2013 [9]; McMahon 2011 [5]; Miiro 2018 [70]; Morowatisharifabad 2018 [71]; Mumtaz 2016 [73]; Nanda 2016 [75]; Nechitilo 2016 [77]; Parker 2014 [15]; Pillitteri 2011 [79]; Tegegne 2014 [93]; Trinies 2015 [95]; WaterAid 2009 [101]; Wong 2011 [109] |
(n = 9) Boosey 2014 [39]; Dolan 2014 [4]; Kansal 2016 [65]; Kyomugisha 1999 [67]; Naeem 2015 [74]; Person 2014 [80]; Sanduvac 2017 [82]; Singh 2006 [86]; WSSCC 2014 [102] |
| Behavioural expectations: Externally enforced | (n = 12) Caruso 2017 [16]; Chebii 2018 [43]; Chinyama 2019 [44]; Crichton 2013 [10]; Daniels 2016 [51]; Girod 2017 [58]; Lahme 2016 [68, 69]; Morrison 2018 [72]; Rheinlander 2018 [81]; Sommer 2009 [3, 8, 87]; Sommer 2015 [88, 89]; Sosa-Sanchez [90] |
(n = 20) Adegbayi 2017 [32]; Al Omari 2016 [33]; Al-Sabir 1998 [34]; Behera 2015 [37]; Caruso 2013 [41]; Crawford 2014 [47]; da Silva Bretas 2011 [52]; Do Amaral 2011 [55]; Ellis 2016 [56, 57]; Garg 2001 [14]; Hosseini 2018 [60]; IWDA 2017 [62, 63]; Jewitt 2014 [64]; Long 2013 [9]; Morowatisharifabad 2018 [71]; Mumtaz 2016 [73]; Nechitilo 2016 [77]; Padmanabhanunni 2017 [78]; Wall 2018 [100]; WaterAid 2009 [101] |
(n = 14) Al-Shurbji 2017 [35]; Amatya 2018 [36]; Dhingra 2009 [54]; Ismail 2016 [61]; Krishnan 2016 [66]; Narayan 2001 [76]; Person 2014 [80]; Singh 2006 [86]; Tamiru 2015 [91]; Ullrich 1992 [96]; Umeora 2008 [97]; UN Women 2017 [98]; Wall 2016 [99]; WSSCC 2014 [102] |
| Behavioural expectations: Internally enforced | (n = 8) Caruso 2017 [16]; Chebii 2018 [43]; Daniels 2016 [51]; Hemachandra 2009 [105]; Rheinlander 2018 [81]; Scorgie 2016 [84]; Sommer 2015 [88, 89]; Sosa-Sanchez [90] |
(n = 10) Caruso 2013 [41]; Castaneda 1996 [42]; Crawford 2014 [47]; da Silva Bretas 2011 [52]; IWDA [62, 63]; Jewitt 2014 [64]; Nechitilo 2016 [77]; Trinies 2015 [95]; Wall 2018 [100]; WaterAid 2009 [101] |
(n = 6) Ismail 2016 [61]; Naeem 2015 [74]; Person 2014 [80]; Sanduvac 2017 [82]; UN Women 2017 [98]; WSSCC 2014 [102] |
| Knowledge: Biology | (n = 13) Caruso 2017 [16]; Chinyama 2019 [44]; Crichton 2013 [10]; Daniels 2016 [51]; Hemechandra 2009 [105]; Lahme 2017 [68, 69]; Mason 2013 [11]; Morrison 2016 [72]; Rheinlander 2018 [81]; Schmitt 2017 [83]; Scorgie 2016 [84]; Sommer 2009 [3, 8, 87]; Sommer 2015 [88, 89] |
(n = 27) Al-Sabir 1998 [34]; Behera 2015 [37]; Caruso 2013 [41]; Castaneda 1996 [42]; Chothe 2014 [46]; Crawford 2014 [47]; da Silva Bretas 2011 [52]; Do Amaral 2011 [55]; Ellis 2016 [56, 57]; Garg 2001 [14]; Hosseini 2018 [60]; IWDA 2017 [62, 63]; Jewitt 2014 [64]; Long 2013 [9]; Miiro 2018 [70]; Morowatisharifabad 2018 [71]; Mumtaz 2016 [73]; Nanda 2016 [75]; Nechitilo 2016 [77]; Parker 2014 [15]; Pillitteri 2011 [79]; Secor-Turner 2016 [85]; Tegegne 2014 [93]; Titilayo 2011 [107]; Wall 2018 [100]; WaterAid 2009 [101]; Wong 2011 [109] |
(n = 13) Dhingra 2009 [54]; Dolan 2014 [4]; Ismail 2016 [61]; Kyomugisha 1999 [67]; Naeem 2015 [74]; Narayan 2001 [76]; Person 2014 [80]; Singh 2006 [86]; Tamiru 2015 [91]; Ullrich 1992 [96]; UN Women 2017 [98]; Wall 2016 [99]; Walraven 2002 [108] |
| Knowledge: Reproduction | (n = 8) Chebii 2018 [43]; Girod 2017 [58]; Mason 2013 [11]; Rheinlander 2018 [81]; Scorgie 2016 [84]; Sommer 2009 [3, 8, 87]; Sommer 2015 [88, 89]; Sosa-Sanchez [90] |
(n = 15) Adegbayi 2017 [32]; Caruso 2013 [41]; Castaneda 1996 [42]; Chothe 2014 [46]; da Silva Bretas 2011 [52]; Garg 2001 [14]; Guerry 2013 [59]; Jewitt 2014 [64]; Long 2013 [9]; Nanda 2016 [75]; Nechitilo 2016 [77]; Padmanadbhanunni 2017 [78]; Secor-Turner 2016 [85]; Trinies 2015 [95]; Wall 2018 [100] |
(n = 3) Thakur 2014 [94]; UN Women 2017 [98]; Wall 2016 [99] |
| Knowledge: Physical management | (n = 9) Daniels 2016 [51]; Lahme 2017 [68, 69]; Morrison 2016 [72]; Rheinlander 2018 [81]; Schmitt 2017 [83]; Scorgie 2016 [84]; Sommer 2009 [3, 8, 87]; Sommer 2015 [88, 89]; Sosa-Sanchez [90] |
(n = 15) Adegbayi 2017 [32]; Bilandi 2015 [38]; Caruso 2013 [41]; Chothe 2014 [46]; Do Amaral 2011 [55]; Ellis 2016 [56, 57]; Garg 2001 [14]; Guerry 2013 [59]; Long 2013 [9]; Miiro 2018 [70]; Mumtaz 2016 [73]; Tegegne 2014 [93]; Titilayo 2011 [107]; Trinies 2015 [95]; Wong 2011 [109] |
(n = 6) Dolan 2014 [4]; Krishnan 2016 [66]; Person 2014 [80]; Sanduvac 2017 [82]; Thakur 2014 [94]; UN Women 2017 [98] |
| Knowledge: Taboos | (n = 12) Aziato 2014 [103, 104]; Caruso 2017 [16]; Chebii 2018 [43]; Chinyama 2019 [44]; Daniels 2016 [51]; Girod 2017 [58]; Hemechandra 2009 [105]; Lahme 2017 [68, 69]; Morrison 2016 [72]; Schmitt 2017 [83]; Sommer 2009 [3, 8, 87]; Sommer 2015 [88, 89] |
(n = 24) Al-Sabir 1998 [34]; Behera 2015 [37]; Bilandi 2015 [38]; Caruso 2013 [41]; Castaneda 1996 [42]; Chothe 2014 [46]; Crawford 2014 [47]; da Silva Bretas 2011 [52]; Ellis 2016 [56, 57]; Garg 2001 [14]; Guerry 2013 [59]; IWDA 2017 [62, 63]; Long 2013 [9]; Miiro 2018 [70]; Morowatisharifabad 2018 [71]; Mumtaz 2016 [73]; Padmanadbhanunni 2017 [78]; Parker 2014 [15]; Pillitteri 2011 [79]; Tegegne 2014 [93]; Trinies 2015 [95]; Wall 2018 [100]; WaterAid 2009 [101]; Wong 2011 [109] |
(n = 11) Amatya 2018 [36]; Dhingra 2009 [54]; Ismail 2016 [61]; Naeem 2015 [74]; Narayan 2001 [76]; Person 2014 [80]; Singh 2006 [86]; Tamiru 2015 [91]; Ullrich 1992 [96]; Umeora 2008 [97]; WSSCC 2014 [102] |
| Resource Limitations | |||
| Physical environment | (n = 13) Budhathoki 2018 [40]; Caruso 2017 [16]; Chebii 2018 [43]; Chinyama 2019 [44]; Daniels 2016 [51]; Girod 2017 [58]; Lahme 2016 [68, 69]; Morrison 2016 [72]; Rheinlander 2018 [81]; Schmitt 2017 [83]; Scorgie 2016 [84]; Sommer 2009 [3, 8, 87]; Sommer 2015 [88, 89] |
(n = 17) Bilandi 2015 [38]; Caruso 2013 [41]; Devnarain 2011 [53]; Ellis 2016 [56, 57]; Guerry 2013 [59]; IWDA 2017 [62, 63]; Jewitt 2014 [64]; Long 2013 [9]; McMahon 2011 [5]; Miiro 2018 [70]; Mumtaz 2016 [73]; Nechitilo 2016 [77]; Parker 2014 [15]; Pillitteri 2011 [79]; Tegegne 2014 [93]; Trinies 2015 [95]; Wall 2018 [100]; WaterAid 2009 [101] |
(n = 3) Al-Shurbji 2017 [35]; Krishnan 2016 [66]; Sanduvac 2017 [82]; UN Women 2017 [98] |
| Economic environment | (n = 17) Aziato 2014 [103, 104]; Budhathoki 2018 [40]; Caruso 2017 [16]; Chebii 2018 [43]; Chinyama 2019 [44]; Crichton 2013 [10]; Daniels 2016 [51]; Girod 2017 [58]; Lahme 2016 [68, 69]; Mason 2013 [11]; Morrison 2016 [72]; Rheinlander 2018 [81]; Schmitt 2017 [83]; Scorgie 2016 [84]; Secor-Turner 2016 [85]; Sommer 2009 [3, 8, 87]; Sommer 2015 [88, 89] |
(n = 15) Al-Sabir 1998 [34]; Behera 2015 [37]; Caruso 2013 [41]; Ellis 2016 [56, 57]; IWDA 2017 [62, 63]; Jewitt 2014 [64]; Long 2013 [9]; McMahon 2011 [5]; Miiro 2018 [70]; Parker 2014 [15]; Pillitteri 2011 [79]; Tegegne 2014 [93]; Wall 2018 [100]; WaterAid 2009 [101]; Wong 2011 [109] |
(n = 8) Al-Shurbji 2017 [35]; Dolan 2014 [4]; Kansal 2016 [65]; Krishnan 2016 [66]; Naeem 2015 [74]; Person 2014 [80]; Tamiru 2015 [91]; UN Women 2017 [98] |
| EXPERIENCE | |||
| Shame and distress | (n = 18) Aziato 2014 [103, 104]; Budhathoki 2018 [40]; Caruso 2017 [16]; Chebii 2018 [43]; Chinyama 2019 [44]; Crichton 2013 [10]; Daniels 2016 [51]; Girod 2017 [58]; Hemachandra 2009 [105]; Lahme 2017 [68, 69]; Mason 2013 [11]; Morrison 2016 [72]; Rheinlander 2018 [81]; Schmitt 2017 [83]; Scorgie 2016 [84]; Sommer 2009 [3, 8, 87]; Sommer 2015 [88, 89]; Sosa-Sanchez [90] |
(n = 32) Adegbayi 2017 [32]; Al Omari 2016 [33]; Al-Sabir 1998 [34]; Behera 2015 [37]; Bilandi 2015 [38]; Caruso 2013 [41]; Crawford 2014 [47]; da Silva Bretas 2011 [52]; Do Amaral 2011 [55]; Ellis 2016 [56, 57]; Garg 2001 [14]; Guerry 2013 [59]; Hosseini 2018 [60]; IWDA 2017 [62, 63]; Jewitt 2014 [64]; Long 2013 [9]; McMahon 2011 [5]; Miiro 2018 [70]; Morowatisharifabad 2018 [71]; Mumtaz 2016 [73]; Nanda 2016 [75]; Nechitilo 2016 [77]; Padmanadbhanunni 2017 [78]; Parker 2014 [15]; Pillitteri 2011 [79]; Secor-Turner 2016 [85]; Tegegne 2014 [93]; Titilayo 2011 [107]; Trinies 2015 [95]; Wall 2018 [100]; WaterAid 2009 [101] |
(n = 11) Al-Shurbji 2017 [35]; Amatya 2018 [36]; Boosey 2014 [39]; Dolan 2014 [4]; Kansal 2016 [65]; Kavitha 2014 [106]; Kyomugisha 1999 [67]; Naeem 2015 [74]; Narayan 2001 [76]; Ullrich 1992 [96]; WSSCC 2014 [102] |
| Confidence: To manage menstruation | (n = 6) Aziato 2014 [103, 104]; Crichton 2013 [10]; Daniels 2016 [51]; Girod 2017 [58]; Morrison 2016 [72]; Scorgie 2016 [84] |
(n = 10) Al-Sabir 1998 [34]; Bilandi 2015 [38]; Caruso 2013 [41]; Ellis 2016 [56, 57]; Jewitt 2014 [64]; Miiro 2018 [70]; Nanda 2016 [75]; Parker 2014 [15]; Pillitteri 2011 [79]; Trinies 2015 [95] |
(n = 0) |
| Confidence: To engage in other activities while menstruating | (n = 4) Chebii 2018 [43]; Chinyama 2019 [44]; Crichton 2013 [10]; Scorgie 2016 [84] |
(n = 6) Al-Sabir 1998 [34]; Crawford 2014 [47]; Ellis 2016 [56, 57]; IWDA 2017 [62, 63]; Jewitt 2014 [64]; Parker 2014 [15] |
(n = 1) Dolan 2014 [4] |
| Perceptions of environments | (n = 14) Budhathoki 2018 [40]; Caruso 2017 [16]; Chinyama 2019 [44]; Crichton 2013 [10]; Daniels 2016 [51]; Girod 2017 [58]; Lahme 2016 [68, 69]; Mason 2013 [11]; Morrison 2016 [72]; Rheinlander 2018 [81]; Schmitt 2017 [83]; Scorgie 2016 [84]; Sommer 2009 [3, 8, 87]; Sommer 2015 [88, 89] |
(n = 13) Caruso 2013 [41]; Denarian 2011 [53]; Ellis 2016 [56, 57]; Garg 2001 [14]; IWDA 2017 [62, 63]; Jewitt 2014 [64]; Long 2013 [9]; McMahon 2011 [5]; Nechitilo 2016 [77]; Parker 2014 [15]; Pillitteri 2011 [79]; Tegegne 2014 [93]; Trinies 2015 [95] |
(n = 7) Al-Shurbji 2017 [35]; Krishnan 2016 [66]; Person 2014 [80]; Sanduvac 2017 [82]; Tamiru 2015 [91]; UN Women 2017 [98]; WSSCC 2014 [102] |
| Perceptions of practices | (n = 13) Budhathoki 2018 [40]; Caruso 2017 [16]; Chebii 2018 [43]; Chinyama 2019 [44]; Crichton 2013 [10]; Daniels 2016 [51]; Girod 2017 [58]; Mason 2013 [11]; Morrison 2016 [72]; Schmitt 2017 [83]; Scorgie 2016 [84]; Sommer 2009 [3, 8, 87]; Sommer 2015 [88, 89] |
(n = 16) Al-Sabir 1998 [34]; Behera 2015 [37]; Caruso 2013 [41]; Ellis 2016 [56, 57]; Garg 2001 [14]; IWDA 2017 [62, 63]; Jewitt 2014 [64]; Long 2013 [9]; McMahon 2011 [5]; Morowatisharifabad 2018 [71]; Nanda 2016 [75]; Parker 2014 [15]; Pillitteri 2011 [79]; Trinies 2015 [95]; Wall 2018 [100]; WaterAid 2009 [101] |
(n = 12) Al-Shurbji 2017 [35]; Ismail 2016 [61]; Kansal 2016 [65]; Krishnan 2016 [66]; Kyomugisha 1999 [67]; Naeem 2015 [74]; Singh 2006 [86]; Tamiru 2015 [91]; Thakur 2014 [94]; Umeora 2008 [97]; UN Women 2017 [98]; WSSCC 2014 [102] |
| Menstrual practices | (n = 15) Budhathoki 2018 [40]; Caruso 2017 [16]; Chebii 2018 [43]; Chinyama 2019 [44]; Crichton 2013 [10]; Daniels 2016 [51]; Girod 2017 [58]; Lahme 2016 [68, 69]; Mason 2013 [11]; Rheinlander 2018 [81]; Schmitt 2017 [83]; Scorgie 2016 [84]; Sommer 2009 [3, 8, 87]; Sommer 2015 [88, 89]; Sosa-Sanchez |
(n = 22) Adegbayi 2017 [32]; Al-Sabir 1998 [34]; Behera 2015 [37]; Caruso 2013 [41]; Devnarian 2011 [53]; da Silva Bretas 2011 [52]; Ellis 2016 [56, 57]; Garg 2001 [14]; Guerry 2013 [59]; IWDA 2017 [62, 63]; Jewitt 2014 [64]; Long 2013 [9]; McMahon 2011 [5]; Miiro 2018 [70]; Nanda 2016 [75]; Parker 2014 [15]; Pillitteri 2011 [79]; Secor-Turner 2016 [85]; Tegegne 2014 [93]; Trinies 2015 [95]; Wall 2018 [100]; WaterAid 2009 [101] |
(n = 10) Al-Shurbji 2017 [35]; Dolan 2014 [4]; Kansal 2016 [65]; Krishnan 2016 [66]; Naeem 2015 [74]; Narayan 2001 [76]; Tamiru 2015 [91]; Thakur 2014 [94]; Umeora 2008 [97]; UN Women 2017 [98] |
| Containment | (n = 7) Chebii 2018 [43]; Chinyama 2019 [44]; Crichton 2013 [10]; Daniels 2016 [51]; Girod 2017 [58]; Mason 2013 [11]; Morrison 2016 [72] |
(n = 16) Caruso 2013 [41]; Ellis 2016 [56, 57]; Guerry 2013 [59]; IWDA 2017 [62, 63]; Jewitt 2014 [64]; Long 2013 [9]; McMahon 2011 [5]; Miiro 2018 [70]; Morowatisharifabad 2018 [71]; Nanda 2016 [75]; Nechitilo 2016 [77]; Parker 2014 [15]; Pillitteri 2011 [79]; Trinies 2015 [95]; Wall 2018 [100]; WaterAid 2009 [101] |
(n = 4) Boosey 2014 [39]; Dolan 2014 [4]; Naeem 2015 [74]; Tamiru 2015 [91] |
| Individual menstrual factors | (n = 10) Aziato 2014 [103, 104]; Chebii 2018 [43]; Crichton 2013 [10]; Daniels 2016 [51]; Hemachandra 2009 [105]; Mason 2013 [11]; Scorgie 2016 [84]; Sommer 2009 [3, 8]; Sommer 2015 [88]; Sosa-Sanchez [90] |
(n = 22) Adegbayi 2017 [32]; Al Sabir 1998 [34]; Behera 2015 [37]; Caruso 2013 [41]; Castaneda 1996 [42]; Chothe 2014 [46]; Guerry 2013 [59]; Hosseini 2018 [60]; IWDA 2017 [62, 63]; Jewitt 2014 [64]; Long 2013 [9]; Miiro 2018 [70]; Morowatisharifabad 2018 [71]; Mumtaz 2016 [73]; Nanda 2016 [75]; Nechitilo 2016 [77]; Pillitteri 2011 [79]; Secor-Turner 2016 [85]; Titilayo 2009 [107]; Wall 2018 [100]; WaterAid 2009 [101]; Wong 2011 [109] |
(n = 4) Kavitha 2014 [106]; Kyomugisha 1999 [67]; Naeem 2015 [74]; Walraven 2002 [108] |
| IMPACTS | |||
| Social participation | (n = 5) Aziato 2014 [104]; Chebii 2018 [43]; Chinyama 2019 [44, 45]; Daniels 2016 [51]; Hemachandra 2009 [105] |
(n = 15) Bilandi 2015 [38]; Caruso 2013 [41]; Crawford 2014 [47]; Garg 2001 [14]; Guerry 2013 [59]; IWDA 2017 [62, 63]; Jewitt 2014 [64]; Long 2013 [9]; Miiro 2018 [70]; Nechitilo 2016 [77]; Parker 2014 [15]; Secor-Turner 2016 [85]; Titilayo 2009 [107]; Wall 2018 [100]; Wong 2011 [109] |
(n = 6) Al-Shurbji 2017 [35]; Amatya 2018 [36]; Krishnan 2016 [66]; Naeem 2015 [74]; Umeora 2008 [97]; UN Women 2017 [98] |
| Education/employment | (n = 9) Aziato 2014 [104]; Chinyama 2019 [44]; Crichton 2013 [10]; Daniels 2016 [51]; Girod 2017 [58]; Lahme 2016 [68, 69]; Mason 2013 [11]; Morrison 2016 [72]; Sommer 2009 [3, 8] |
(n = 19) Behera 2015 [37]; Caruso 2013 [41]; Devnarian 2011 [53]; Ellis 2016 [56, 57]; Guerry 2013 [59]; IWDA 2017 [62, 63]; Jewitt 2014 [64]; Long 2013 [9]; McMahon 2011 [5]; Miiro 2018 [70]; Nanda 2016 [75]; Nechitilo 2016 [77]; Parker 2014 [15]; Pillitteri 2011 [79]; Secor-Turner 2016 [85]; Tegegne 2014 [93]; Titilayo 2009 [107]; Wall 2018 [100]; WaterAid 2009 [101] |
(n = 8) Boosey 2014 [39]; Kavitha 2014 [106]; Kyomugisha 1999 [67]; Naeem 2015 [74]; Person 2014 [80]; Tamiru 2015 [91]; Thakur 2014 [94]; UN Women 2017 [98] |
| Psychological health | (n = 8) Aziato 2014 [103]; Chebii 2018 [43]; Chinyama 2019 [44]; Crichton 2013 [10]; Girod 2017 [58]; Lahme 2016 [69]; Morrison 2016 [72]; Sommer 2015 [89] |
(n = 5) Bilandi 2015 [38]; Crawford 2014 [47]; Long 2013 [9]; Tegegne 2014 [93]; Titilayo 2009 [107] |
(n = 5) Al-Shurbji 2017 [35]; Amatya 2018 [36]; Dolan 2014 [4]; Ullrich 1992 [96]; UN Women 2017 [98] |
| Physical health | (n = 11) Aziato 2014 [103, 104]; Caruso 2017 [16]; Chinyama 2019 [44]; Crichton 2013 [10]; Daniels 2016 [51]; Girod 2017 [58]; Lahme 2016 [68, 69]; Mason 2013 [11]; Morrison 2016 [72]; Rheinlander 2018 [81]; Scorgie 2016 [84] |
(n = 7) Behera 2015 [37]; Bilandi 2015 [38]; Caruso 2013 [41]; Ellis 2016 [56, 57]; Long 2013 [9]; Nanda 2016 [75]; Parker 2014 [15] |
(n = 3) Dolan 2014 [4]; Naeem 2015 [74]; Thakur 2014 [94] |