Table 2.

Methodologic Summary of the Included Studies Continued on Next Page

Authors and Design	Sample Size and Group	Participant Characteristics	Intervention	Intervention Frequency	Outcome Measures	Results
Vicenzino et al28 (2006), crossover study	16 Recurrent ankle sprains	History of ≥2 ankle sprains, 20-mm weight-bearing DFROM asymmetry, and no history of contralateral ankle sprain	Mulligan weight-bearing MWM: 4 sets of 4 glides held for 10 s at end range of motion Mulligan nonweight-bearing MWM: 4 sets of 4 glides held for 10 s at end range of motion Control: no treatment	1 Intervention session	DFROM (weight-bearing–lunge test, cm) Immediate	Both MWM techniques immediately improved DFROM. No differences between techniques.
Hoch and McKeon16 (2011), crossover study	20 CAI	History of ankle sprain, ≥2 episodes of giving way in the past 3 mo, ≥4 yes on the Ankle Instability Index, ≤90% on the FAAM-ADL, and ≤80% on the FAAM-Sport	Maitland grade 3 anterior-to-posterior talocrural joint mobilization: two 2-min sets with 1-min rest in between Control: no active contraction for 5 min	1 Intervention session	DFROM (weight-bearing–lunge test, cm) SEBT (anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions) Immediate	DFROM was greater in the mobilization than the control group. No SEBT differences.
Hoch et al15 (2012), prospective cohort study	12 CAI	History of ankle sprain, ≥2 episodes of giving way in the past 3 mo, ≥4 yes on the Ankle Instability Index, ≤90% on the FAAM-ADL, and ≤80% on the FAAM-Sport	Maitland grade 2 talocrural joint traction: two 2-min sets Maitland grade 3 anterior-to-posterior talocrural joint mobilization: four 2-min sets with 1-min rest in between	6 Intervention sessions over 2 wk	DFROM (weight-bearing–lunge test, cm) SEBT (anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions) Immediate, 1-wk follow up	DFROM and SEBT in the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions all improved at postintervention and 1-wk follow up compared with preintervention.
Beazell et al29 (2012), randomized controlled trial	43 CAI Proximal = 15, distal = 15, control = 15	History of ankle sprain, episodes of giving way, ≥5° DFROM asymmetry, ≥85% on FAAM-Sport, or ≥3 on the Ankle Instability Index	Proximal tibiofibular-joint manipulation: 1–2 high-velocity, low-amplitude thrusts Distal tibiofibular-joint manipulation: 1–2 high-velocity, low-amplitude thrusts Control: no activity for 1–2 min	4 Intervention sessions over 3 wk	DFROM (weight-bearing–lunge test, °) Immediate after each intervention	No DFROM differences.
Harkey et al19 (2014), randomized controlled trial	30 CAI Maitland = 15, control = 15	History of ankle sprain, >2 episodes of giving way in the past 6 mo, ≤90% on the FADI, and ≤80% on the FAAM-Sport	Maitland grade 3 talarcrural anterior-to-posterior joint mobilization: 3 sets of 1 min with 1-min rest between sets Control: no activity for 5 min	1 Intervention session	DFROM (nonweight-bearing–lunge test,°) SEBT (anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions) Immediate	DFROM improved compared with control. No SEBT group differences.
Gilbreath et al18 (2014), prospective cohort study	11 CAI	History of ankle sprain, ≥1 episode of giving way in the past 3 mo, and ≤25 on the CAIT	Mulligan weight-bearing MWM: 2 sets of 4 glides held for 30 s at end range of motion with 1-min rest between sets	3 Intervention sessions over 1 wk	DFROM (weight-bearing–lunge test, cm) SEBT (anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions) Immediate	No change in DFROM or SEBT scores.
Cruz-Díaz et al26 (2015), randomized controlled trial	90 CAI MWM = 29/30, sham = 28/31, control, 21/29	History of ankle sprain, ≥2 sprains on same side in the last 2 y, reported episodes of giving way, >2-cm weight-bearing–lunge-test asymmetry, and no history of ankle sprain on contralateral side	Mulligan weight-bearing MWM: 2 sets of 10 glides Sham: fixed ankle while knee was flexed and extended for 2 sets of 10 glides Control: no interactions	6 Intervention sessions over 3 wk	DFROM (weight-bearing–lunge test, cm) SEBT (anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions) Immediate (single treatment), immediate (3 wk), 6-mo follow up	Greater DFROM and SEBT scores were identified at each time point for the MWM group compared with control.
Marrón-Gómez et al17 (2015), randomized controlled trial	52 CAI MWM = 18, high-velocity, low-amplitude = 19, placebo = 15	History of ankle sprain, current episodes of giving way, subjective pain or decreased function, and <24 on the CAIT	Mulligan weight-bearing MWM: 1 set of 10 glides High-velocity, low-amplitude: 1 set of 3 talocrural traction high-velocity, low-amplitude thrusts Placebo: mobilization with movement with absence of pressure for 1 set of 10 glides	1 Intervention session	DFROM (weight-bearing–lunge test, cm) Immediate, 10 min, 24 h, and 48 h	Improvements in DFROM for both treatment groups compared with control.
McKeon and Wikstrom20 (2016), randomized controlled trial	80 CAI Mobilization = 19/20, massage = 19/20, stretching = 18/20, control = 19/20	History of ≥2 episodes of giving way in the past 6 mo, ≥5 on the Ankle Instability Index, ≤90% on the FAAM, and ≤80% on the FAAM-Sport	Maitland grade 3 anterior-to-posterior talocrural joint mobilization: 2 sets of 2 min with 1-min rest in between	6 Intervention sessions over 2 wk	DFROM (weight-bearing–lunge test, cm) Immediate (single treatment), immediate (2 wk), 1-mo follow up	Mobilization improved DFROM at all time points compared with control.
Powden et al27 (2017), crossover study	20 CAI	History of ankle sprain, ≥2 episodes of giving way in the last 3 mo, yes to ≥5 questions on the Ankle Instability Index, and ≤26 on the CAIT	Sustained Maitland grade 2 talocrural traction: 4 sets of 30-s holds with 1-min rest between sets Oscillatory Maitland grade 2 talocrural traction: 4 sets of 30-s oscillations with 1-min rest in between Sham: 4 sets of 30 s contact with no force	1 Intervention session	DFROM (weight-bearing–lunge test, cm) SEBT (anterior direction) Immediate	No differences were identified for DFROM or SEBT.

Abbreviations: CAI, chronic ankle instability; CAIT, Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool; DFROM, dorsiflexion range of motion; FAAM, Foot and Ankle Ability Measure; FAAM-ADL, FAAM–Activities of Daily Living subscale; FAAM-Sport, FAAM–Sport subscale; FADI, Foot and Ankle Disability Index; MWM, mobilizations with movement; SEBT, Star Excursion Balance Test.