Table 3. Anthropometric characteristics, lung function, respiratory muscle strength, breathing pattern and chest wall asynchrony at rest for post-stroke and Parkinson’s disease subjects according to paradoxical movement.
| Variables | Post-stroke | Parkinson’s disease | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| P - | P + | P - | P + | |
| Subjects (n / %) | 9 [45%] | 11 [55%] | 12 [44.5%] | 15 [55.5%] |
| < 3 (disease time) | 8 [61.5%] | 5 [38.5%] | 3 [37.5%] | 5 [62.5%] |
| ≥ 3 (disease time) | 1 [15%] | 6 [85%] | 9 [47.4%] | 10 [52.6%] |
| Age (years) | 53 [49.5–63] | 58 [55–63] | 63 [59.5–67] | 59 [51–69] |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24 [22.5–29] | 25.6 [23.8–30.1] | 27.6 [21.8–30.6] | 24.9 [23.3–26.7] |
| FVC (L) | 2.94 [2.12–3.47] | 3.42 [3.20–3.75] | 3.34 [2.52–3.97] | 3.10 [2.54–3.80] |
| FVC (% pred) | 79 [74–87.5] | 89.6 [80–111.3] | 87.4 [82.5–100.1] | 87 [69–94.4] |
| FEV1 (L) | 2.28 [1.74–2.94] | 2.74 [2.25–2.98] | 2.63 [1.92–3.15] | 2.74 [1.97–3.0] |
| FEV1 (% pred) | 80 [69.5–83.9] | 87 [80–104] | 92.8 [86–102.4] | 80.6 [73–91] * |
| FEV1/FVC | 0.80 [0.75–0.84] | 0.81 [0.76–0.86] | 0.81 [0.76–0.85] | 0.82 [0.75–0.85] |
| FEV1/FVC (%pred) | 100 [90.5–104] | 99 [99.5–103.9] | 84.8 [78.2–102.3] | 90.5 [80.7–103.8] |
| MIP (cmH2O) | 76 [62–116.5] | 61 [53–71] | 69 [57.5–92.8] | 76 [49–113] |
| MIP (%pred) | 82 [65–100.6] | 66 [43–71] | 80.9 [67.1–111.2] | 66.4 [58–100] |
| MEP (cmH2O) | 72 [66–104] | 93 [79–122] | 102.5 [80.5–125] | 93 [81–116] |
| MEP (%pred) | 87.8 [76.5–95] | 103.4 [71.2–115] | 107.2 [100.7–114.8] | 86 [74.4–100] * |
| VCW (L) | 0.454 [0.393–0.583] | 0.503 [0.386–0.548] | 0.486 [0.38–0.81] | 0.512 [0.44–0.66] |
| VRCp (L) | 0.150 [0.12–0.24] | 0.118 [0.05–0.14] * | 0.180 [0.12–0.36] | 0.095 [0.04–0.12] * |
| VRCa (L) | 0.093 [0.07–0.13] | 0.045 [0.03–0.07] * | 0.086 [0.05–0.18] | 0.081 [0.04–0.17] |
| VAB (L) | 0.184 [0.13–0.28] | 0.344 [0.21–0.41] * | 0.252 [0.17–0.44] | 0.333 [0.27–0.43] |
| Ti (s) | 1.33 [1.18–1.90] | 1.39 [1.30–1.52] | 2.13 [1.21–2.64] | 1.58 [1.40–2.26] |
| Te (s) | 2.03 [1.83–3.21] | 2.12 [1.60–2.86] | 2.90 [1.61–4.25] | 2.29 [2.02–2.56] |
| Ttot (s) | 3.61 [3.09–5.05] | 3.41 [2.82–4.28] | 4.91 [2.73–6.81] | 3.84 [3.46–4.98] |
| f (bpm-1) | 17.35 [12.60–19.62] | 18.49 [14.42–21.60] | 12.52 [9.13–22.33] | 15.75 [12.45–17.41] |
| VE (L/min-1) | 7.743 [6.23–9.12] | 8.669 [6.02–11.16] | 7.501 [5.80–8.44] | 8.247 [6.70–9.44] |
Data presented as median and interquartile range between 25–75%. P+: individuals with paradoxical movement; P-: individuals without paradoxical movement; n: number of subjects; < 3 (disease time): individuals less than three years of disease time; ≥ 3 (disease time): individuals equal to or more than three years of disease time; BMI: body mass index; FVC: Forced Vital Capacity; FEV1: Forced expiratory volume in the 1st second; FEV1/FVC: Forced expiratory volume in the first second/forced vital capacity ratio; MIP: Maximum inspiratory pressure; MEP: Maximum expiratory pressure; m: meters; kg: kilograms; L: Liters; %pred: Percentage of predicted; VCW: Chest wall volume; VRCp: Pulmonary rib cage volume; VRCa: Abdominal ribcage volume; VAB: Abdominal volume; Ti: Inspiratory time; Te: Expiratory time; Ttot: Total time of the respiratory cycle; f: breathing frequency; Bpm: Breaths per minute; VE: Minute volume; L: Liters; min: minutes; s: seconds; non-parametric data distribution; Mann-Whitney test;
* p < 0.05 for comparison of P+ with P-.