Table 3.

Summary of the prevalence of various neurosarcoidosis manifestations or site of neurological involvement of neurosarcoidosis and associated comments [7^▪▪,32,33]

Neurosarcoidosis manifestationa	Prevalence	Comments
Cranial nerve palsy	31–55%	Facial and optic nerves are the most commonly affected; uni or bilateral involvement
Chronic aseptic meningitis	16–37%	Subacute or chronic lymphocytic meningitis; dural involvement including pachymeningitis, dural mass mimicking meningioma
Spinal cord disease/myelitis	18–23%	Subpial intramedullary lesions, typically longitudinally extensive; myelitis predilection cervicothoracic
Cerebral parenchymal disease	21%	Small cortical or periventricular white matter lesions; mimicking multiple sclerosis or micro-ischemic lesions, larger solitary aggregates of granulomas can masquerade as neoplasms
Neuroendocrine (hypothalamo-pituitary) involvement	6–9%	Hormonal disturbances including hypothyroidism, hypogonadism, panhypopituitarism, SIADH
Hydrocephalus	9–10%	Communicating and noncommunicating hydrocephalus; combination with leptomeningeal enhancement along the skull base
Cerebral infarction	6%	Stroke can be because of in situ thrombosis, compression of a large vessel by a granulomatous mass, sinovenous thrombosis, and intracerebral hemorrhage
Peripheral nervous system	17%	Large fiber involvement: most commonly axonal distal sensorimotor polyneuropathy or asymmetric polyradiculoneuropathy (nonlength dependent distribution)

SIADH, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone.

^aone individual patient can have one or more neurosarcoidosis manifestation(s).