Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients undergoing non-cardiac major surgery stratified by post-operative AKI.
| Variable (n=3499) | No AKI (n=1536) | Early AKI(n=1459) | Late AKI (n=504) | p-value* | p-value** |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (n=3498) | 54.72(18.28) | 62.96(16.06) | 57.04(18.17) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| BMI (n=2251) | 25.29(5.74) | 29.94(9.96) | 26.80(7.12) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Male | 829(54.0%) | 843(57.8%) | 308(61.1%) | 0.009 | 0.21 |
| Race (n=3300) | 0.12 | - | |||
| White | 1352(92.0%) | 1247(92.0%) | 420(88.6%) | ||
| Black/Others | 87(5.9%)/31(2.1%) | 81(6.0)/28(2.1%) | 36(7.6%)/18(3.8%) | ||
| Baseline sCr | 0.81(0.22) | 0.88(0.23) | 0.86(0.25) | <0.001 | 0.06 |
| sCr within 24h hospital admission (n=3313) | 0.86(0.26) | 1.13(0.65) | 0.93(0.32) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| eGFR | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| < 60 | 61(4.0%) | 97(6.6%) | 24(4.8%) | ||
| 60 - 90 | 599(39.0%) | 869(59.6%) | 233(46.2%) | ||
| > 90 | 876(57.0%) | 493(33.8%) | 247(49.0%) | ||
| 48h Blood transfusion# | 0.21(0.40) | 0.37(0.48) | 0.34(0.47) | <0.001 | 0.33 |
| 7-day Blood transfusion# | 0.91(2.75) | 2.39(5.13) | 1.99(3.47) | <0.001 | 0.1 |
| Anemia | 461(30.0%) | 567(38.9%) | 187(37.1%) | <0.001 | 0.52 |
| Diabetes | 127(8.3%) | 196(13.4%) | 52(10.3%) | <0.001 | 0.08 |
| Cardiac disease | 50(3.3%) | 72(4.9%) | 27(5.4%) | 0.03 | 0.80 |
| Hypertension | 308(20.1%) | 455(31.2%) | 141(28.0%) | <0.001 | 0.20 |
| Liver transplantation | 12(0.8%) | 19(1.3%) | 3(0.6%) | 0.26 | - |
| Myocardiac Infarction | 50(3.3%) | 72(4.9%) | 27(5.4%) | 0.03 | 0.80 |
| COPD | 78(5.1%) | 109(7.5%) | 36(7.1%) | 0.02 | 0.89 |
| Vascular disease | 86(5.6%) | 130(8.9%) | 37(7.3%) | 0.002 | 0.32 |
| APACHE III (n=3492) | 47.15(22.12) | 69.01(28.19) | 60.58(24.97) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Normalized fluid (n=2671) | 0.01(0.04) | 0.03(0.05) | 0.02(0.04) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Normalized fluid within 48h (n =2351) | 0.02(0.04) | 0.05(0.06) | 0.03(0.05) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 617(40.2%) | 1043(71.5%) | 343(68.1%) | <0.001 | 0.16 |
| Vasopressors& | 138(9.0%) | 347(23.8%) | 110(21.8%) | <0.001 | 0.40 |
| Suspected Sepsis## | 203(13.2%) | 432(29.6%) | 191(37.9%) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Aminoglycoside& | 8(0.5%) | 12(0.8%) | 5(1.0%) | 0.44 | |
| Amphotericin& | 1(0.1%) | 1(0.1%) | 0(0%) | 1.00 | - |
| ACEInhibitor/ARB & | 41(2.7%) | 37(2.5%) | 16(3.2%) | 0.75 | - |
| NonSteroidal& | 127(8.3%) | 162(11.1%) | 58(11.5%) | 0.01 | 0.87 |
| Diuretic& | 129(8.4%) | 220(15.1%) | 86(17.1%) | <0.001 | 0.32 |
| Surgery | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| Vascular | 100(6.5%) | 203(13.9%) | 53(10.5%) | ||
| General | 795(51.8%) | 911(62.4%) | 284(56.3%) | ||
| Neuro | 416(27.1%) | 130(8.9%) | 88(17.5%) | ||
| Ortho | 102(6.6%) | 48(3.3%) | 32(6.3%) | ||
| Thoracic | 123(8.0%) | 167(11.4%) | 47(9.3%) |
sCr: serum creatinine. Age, BMI, baseline sCr, sCr within 24h hospital admission, 48h blood transfusion, 7-day blood transfusion, APACHE III score, normalized fluid, normalized fluid within 48h were expressed in mean ±SD. The remaining variables were expressed in n(%).
amount of blood transfusion within first 48h/ 7 days from ICU admission.
Information for various drugs was collected within first 24h from ICU admission. They were taken before late AKI occurred.
Suspected sepsis was defined by the first time an order of antibiotics and blood cultures was taken within 24hrs of each other. Most of them occurred before late AKI. For continuous variables, ANOVA was used; for categorical variables, Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test was used.
overall p-value is for comparison among no AKI, early AKI (AKI occurred within 48h following surgery) and late AKI (AKI occurred during 48h-7day post surgery).
p-value is for comparison between early AKI and late AKI, less than 0.0167 indicates significance due to multiple comparison adjustment; only shown if overall p-value is significant.