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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2018 Nov 16;145:73–95. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.11.004

Figure 5.

Figure 5.

Efficient regulation of the osteoblastic differentiation of iPSCs by varying the peptides displayed on the side walls of filamentous phages. (A) Fabrication of bioengineered phage films through a layer-by-layer self-assembly method. The formed phage films could induce the osteoblastic differentiation of iPSCs. (B) The ALP activity of the cells cultured on different phage films showing a significant increase in all of the phage matrices compared with the control (**, p < 0.01). (C) Real-time PCR and (D) immunofluorescence staining assays for evaluating the expression levels of the osteogenic mark proteins, including osteoclacin (OCN) and osteopontin (OPN). Collagen (COL) was used as a reference protein and plates without phage films were the control (CON). (Reprinted with permission from ref. [114] copyright 2014, American Chemical Society)