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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 May 17.
Published in final edited form as: Glob Chang Biol. 2019 Feb 28;25(5):1808–1819. doi: 10.1111/gcb.14587

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Schematic representation of the primary causes of woody plant expansion in European alpine ecosystems. The decrease in mountain rural populations causes a decline in agropastoral activities and therefore a reduction in livestock densities. At the same time, temperatures increase due to climate change. The combination of these factors leads to the expansion of woody plants in alpine grasslands (1. Gartzia et al., 2016; 2. Didier, 2001; 3. Metailié & Paegelow, 2005; 4. Lasanta-Martínez et al., 2005; 5. Collantes, 2006; 6. Sturaro, Cocca, Fuser, & Ramanzin, 2005; 7. Büntgen, Frank, Nievergelt, & Esper, 2006; 8. Büntgen et al., 2017; 9. Cannone, Sgorbati, & Guglielmin, 2007; 10. Roura-Pascual, Pons, Etienne, & Lambert, 2005; 11. Bartolomé et al., 2005; 12. Kozak, Estreguil, & Troll, 2007)