Table 3. Logistic Regression analyses on constipation (less than once every 2 days) by sex.
| Boys n = 4,157 | Girls n = 3,841 | ||||||
| Constipation % (95% CI) |
Univariate OR (95% CI) |
Multivariate OR (95% CI) |
Constipation % (95% CI) |
Univariate OR (95% CI) |
Multivariate OR (95% CI) |
||
| Skipping breakfast | no | 2.8 (2.3–3.3) | 1.01 (0.48–2.08) | 0.74 (0.35–1.56) | 6.4 (5.6–7.2) | 1.30 (0.78–2.18) | 1.01 (0.59–1.73) |
| yes | 2.8 (2.3–3.3) | 1 | 1 | 5.0 (4.3–5.7) | 1 | 1 | |
| Physical activity | very often | 1.8 (1.4–2.2) | 1 | 1 | 4.7 (4.0–5.4) | 1 | 1 |
| often | 2.5 (2.0–3.0) | 1.42 (0.86–2.34) | 1.32 (0.79–2.19) | 5.2 (4.5–5.9) | 1.10 (0.77–1.58) | 1.06 (0.73–1.53) | |
| rarely | 4.7 (4.1–5.3) | 2.73 (1.63–4.53) | 2.28 (1.35–3.85) | 5.3 (4.6–6.0) | 1.12 (0.74–1.70) | 1.00 (0.65–1.54) | |
| TV viewing, hours on weekdays | |||||||
| <2 | 2.4 (1.9–2.9) | 1 | 1 | 4.7 (4.0–5.4) | 1 | 1 | |
| 2 to <3 | 3.1 (2.6–3.6) | 1.31 (0.85–2.03) | 1.21 (0.78–1.89) | 5.2 (4.5–5.9) | 1.12 (0.81–1.57) | 1.01 (0.72–1.42) | |
| ≥3 | 4.4 (3.8–5.0) | 1.90 (1.13–3.20) | 1.58 (0.93–2.69) | 6.9 (6.1–7.7) | 1.53 (1.02–2.28) | 1.27 (0.84–1.94) | |
| Sleep duration, | <8 h | 3.6 (3.0–4.2) | 1.32 (0.63–2.75) | 1.19 (0.65–2.53) | 6.3 (5.5–7.1) | 1.27 (0.74–2.19) | 1.15 (0.65–2.01) |
| ≥8 h | 2.7 (2.2–3.2) | 1 | 1 | 5.0 (4.3–5.7) | 1 | 1 | |
| Food frequency (except school lunch) | |||||||
| Fruit | almost every day | 1.7 (1.3–2.1) | 1 | 1 | 3.2 (2.6–3.8) | 1 | 1 |
| 3 to 5 times per week | 2.9 (2.4–3.4) | 1.73 (1.04–2.86) | 1.57 (0.94–2.61) | 5.8 (5.1–6.5) | 1.86 (1.30–2.68) | 1.75 (1.21–2.54) | |
| 0 to 2 times per week | 3.9 (3.3–4.5) | 2.41 (1.47–3.96) | 1.87 (1.13–3.08) | 7.2 (6.4–8.0) | 2.33 (1.59–3.42) | 1.99 (1.34–2.97) | |
| Vegetables | almost every day | 2.1 (1.7–2.5) | 1 | 1 | 4.0 (3.4–4.6) | 1 | 1 |
| 3 to 5 times per week | 3.3 (2.8–3.8) | 1.60 (1.04–2.46) | 1.39 (0.90–2.16) | 7.4 (6.6–8.2) | 1.89 (1.39–2.58) | 1.60 (1.16–2.21) | |
| 0 to 2 times per week | 4.9 (4.2–5.6) | 2.39 (1.48–3.85) | 1.87 (1.13–3.08) | 6.0 (5.2–6.8) | 1.52 (0.96–2.41) | 1.16 (0.72–1.87) | |
| Overweight | yes | 2.2 (1.8–2.6) | 0.78 (0.45–1.35) | 0.64 (0.36–1.12) | 3.1 (2.6–3.6) | 0.56 (0.33–0.94) | 0.54 (0.32–0.92) |
| no | 2.9 (2.4–3.4) | 1 | 1 | 5.4 (4.7–6.1) | 1 | 1 | |
| Psychological stress, family environment | |||||||
| irritability | often | 4.4 (3.8–5.0) | 1.72 (0.92–3.19) | 1.55 (0.86–2.78) | 8.8 (7.9–9.7) | 2.14 (1.40–3.28) | 1.91 (1.23–2.97) |
| sometimes | 2.7 (2.2–3.2) | 1.37 (0.85–2.23) | 1.14 (0.72–1.83) | 4.6 (3.9–5.3) | 1.05 (0.73–1.51) | 1.03 (0.72–1.49) | |
| rarely | 2.1 (1.7–2.5) | 1 | 1 | 4.2 (3.6–4.8) | 1 | 1 | |
| unwillingness to attend school | often | 5.1 (4.4–5.8) | 2.39 (1.37–4.15) | 1.90 (1.06–3.42) | 9.2 (8.3–10.1) | 1.99 (1.25–3.18) | 1.54 (0.93–2.56) |
| sometimes | 3.3 (2.8–3.8) | 1.50 (0.99–2.26) | 1.29 (0.84–1.97) | 4.8 (4.1–5.5) | 1.00 (0.72–1.38) | 0.89 (0.63–1.24) | |
| rarely | 2.2 (1.8–2.6) | 1 | 1 | 4.8 (4.1–5.5) | 1 | 1 | |
| interaction with parents | often | 1.9 (1.5–2.3) | 1 | 1 | 3.3 (2.7–3.9) | 1 | 1 |
| sometimes | 2.7 (2.2–3.2) | 1.46 (0.84–2.56) | 1.26 (0.72–2.22) | 6.1 (5.3–6.9) | 1.86 (1.28–2.71) | 1.74 (1.19–2.55) | |
| rarely | 3.4 (2.8–4.0) | 1.84 (1.06–3.22) | 1.39 (0.79–2.46) | 5.7 (5.0–6.4) | 1.74 (1.15–2.62) | 1.51 (0.99–2.29) | |
| mother’s employment | full-time | 2.9 (2.4–3.4) | 1 | 1 | 4.9 (4.2–5.6) | 1 | 1 |
| part-time | 2.9 (2.4–3.4) | 1.01 (0.65–1.56) | 1.03 (0.66–1.61) | 6.2 (5.4–7.0) | 1.30 (0.93–1.82) | 1.32 (0.94–1.86) | |
| unemployed | 2.5 (2.0–3.0) | 0.86 (0.54–1.36) | 0.91 (0.57–1.44) | 4.3 (3.7–4.9) | 0.88 (0.61–1.27) | 0.92 (0.63–1.43) | |
| dinner | with both parents | 2.8 (2.3–3.3) | 1 | 1 | 4.9 (4.2–5.6) | 1 | 1 |
| with either parent | 2.5 (2.0–3.0) | 0.90 (0.60–1.34) | 0.84 (0.56–1.25) | 5.2 (4.5–5.9) | 1.07 (0.79–1.44) | 1.06 (0.78–1.44) | |
| without parent | 4.3 (3.7–4.9) | 1.58 (0.82–3.04) | 1.52 (0.77–2.97) | 6.5 (5.7–7.3) | 1.34 (0.78–2.31) | 1.33 (0.76–2.31) | |
CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.