Table 1. Study sample characteristics according to weekly alcohol consumption in 998 men aged 40–79 years (SESSA, Shiga, Japan, 2006–2008).
| n | Categories of weekly alcohol consumption (g/week) | Trend P | ||||
| Non-drinkers | 0.1–160.9 | 161–321.9 | 322–482.9 | ≥483 | ||
| 192 | 378 | 226 | 129 | 73 | ||
| Age, years | 65.4 (10.2) | 63.4 (10.5) | 64.4 (9.5) | 62.6 (8.3) | 61.2 (8.2) | 0.004 |
| Height, cm | 165.9 (5.9) | 166.5 (6.1) | 166.3 (5.9) | 167.2 (5.9) | 167.5 (4.8) | 0.026 |
| Weight, kg | 64.5 (9.5) | 65.4 (9.8) | 65.3 (9.8) | 67.0 (10.2) | 66.1 (9.3) | 0.060 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.4 (2.9) | 23.5 (3.0) | 23.6 (2.9) | 23.9 (3.1) | 23.5 (3.1) | 0.335 |
| VAT area, cm2 | 108.3 (48.4) | 117.5 (55.0) | 120.5 (55.2) | 132.0 (59.9) | 125.9 (55.6) | <0.001 |
| SAT area, cm2 | 120.2 (54.1) | 124.1 (53.2) | 119.2 (49.9) | 125.1 (55.0) | 114.5 (51.1) | 0.615 |
| TAT area, cm2 | 228.5 (94.0) | 241.6 (98.6) | 239.7 (96.4) | 257.1 (104.5) | 240.3 (96.1) | 0.076 |
| VAT% | 47.4 (8.9) | 48.2 (8.7) | 49.7 (7.9) | 51.2 (9.3) | 52.0 (9.0) | <0.001 |
| VSR | 0.96 (0.36) | 0.99 (0.37) | 1.04 (0.35) | 1.12 (0.42) | 1.16 (0.44) | <0.001 |
| WC, cm | 84.4 (8.1) | 85.3 (8.1) | 85.9 (7.9) | 86.2 (8.0) | 85.7 (8.0) | 0.045 |
| WHtR | 0.51 (0.05) | 0.51 (0.05) | 0.52 (0.05) | 0.52 (0.05) | 0.51 (0.05) | 0.249 |
| WHRa | 0.92 (0.06) | 0.92 (0.05) | 0.93 (0.05) | 0.93 (0.06) | 0.92 (0.05) | 0.015 |
| Blood pressure, mm Hg | ||||||
| Systolic | 135.3 (18.3) | 133.7 (17.6) | 136.8 (18.9) | 140.9 (19.9) | 146.0 (21.6) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic | 77.3 (10.2) | 78.6 (10.5) | 80.7 (10.6) | 82.7 (12.2) | 85.5 (10.9) | <0.001 |
| Total-cholesterol, mg/dL | 210.0 (33.7) | 208.7 (31.6) | 207.6 (34.2) | 201.4 (32.5) | 204.7 (35.6) | 0.029 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 53.2 (13.5) | 57.9 (15.7) | 61.2 (17.8) | 61.4 (15.8) | 66.7 (23.4) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 124.2 (66.0) | 119.8 (68.6) | 126.8 (82.1) | 142.5 (124.6) | 151.8 (81.6) | 0.001 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 101.0 (17.3) | 101.2 (21.1) | 105.5 (24.1) | 103.4 (18.7) | 105.8 (25.2) | 0.022 |
| Gamma-glutamyl transferase, U/L | 38.0 (42.4) | 40.2 (35.6) | 63.1 (74.7) | 85.6 (73.8) | 136.9 (175.0) | <0.001 |
| Alanine aminotransferase, U/L | 26.1 (15.9) | 25.0 (14.4) | 26.7 (18.2) | 26.2 (14.8) | 35.3 (28.9) | 0.002 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L | 25.6 (8.7) | 25.1 (8.4) | 29.2 (23.0) | 29.2 (12.4) | 40.0 (32.3) | <0.001 |
| Daily steps | 7297 (2981) | 8036 (3192) | 8257 (3372) | 8154 (3071) | 7728 (3373) | 0.078 |
| Daily number of cigarettes | 6.9 (11.0) | 5.1 (9.8) | 6.6 (10.4) | 8.7 (11.7) | 10.4 (14.9) | 0.001 |
| Smoking, % | ||||||
| Current | 33.3 | 26.5 | 34.5 | 41.9 | 41.1 | 0.007 |
| Former | 42.7 | 51.6 | 53.5 | 52.7 | 46.6 | 0.179 |
| History of CVD, % | 14.6 | 7.1 | 7.5 | 7.0 | 6.8 | 0.035 |
| History of liver disease, % | 6.3 | 5.3 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.6 | 0.272 |
BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; SAT, abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue; SESSA, Shiga Epidemiological Study of Subclinical Atherosclerosis; SD, standard deviation; TAT, abdominal total adipose tissue; VAT, abdominal visceral adipose tissue; VAT%, percentage of visceral adipose tissue; VSR, VAT-SAT ratio; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; WHtR, waist-to-height ratio.
Values are expressed as mean (standard deviation), or percentage.
P values for trend were obtained using linear regression (for continuous variables) or logistic regression (for categorical variables).
aA total of 952 (non-drinkers, 184; 0.1–160.9 g/week, 368; 161–321.9 g/week, 213; 322–482.9 g/week, 119; ≥483 g/week, 68) men underwent measurement of hip circumferences.