Figure 1.

Study flow. PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention, CKD: chronic kidney disease, defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate of <60 mL/min/1.73 m², ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB: angiotensin-II receptor blocker, MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, 12h-saline: pre-procedural saline hydration group at a rate of 1 mL/kg/h for 12 hours before PCI, 1h-bicarbonate: pre-procedural sodium bicarbonate hydration group at a rate of 3 mL/kg/h for 1 hour before PCI, Cr: serum creatinine, f/u: follow-up