Table 2.

Specific syndromes with psychiatric symptoms

Srog rlung	Disorder of life-sustaining (srog ’dzin) rlung (located in head)	‘One may lose consciousness and balance, manifest vertigo, lose control of the body/mind, have wrong perceptions, confusion, hear sounds in the head and ears, experience feelings of head emptiness, and have hallucinations. It may cause shortness of breath; difficulty of inhalation, problems in swallowing food and drink, and could even become the cause of madness.’ (Arya 2018)
Snying rlung	Disorder of pervading (khyab byed) rlung (located at heart)	‘Manifests in loss of balance, hypertension, chest tension, fear, panic attacks…, fainting, loss of speech, general cardiac disorders, talkativeness, the desire to roam, pains in the joints, shoulders and back, blood circulation disorders, heart palpitations and rhythm disturbances, and in complaining and unfriendly speech which worsens the situation, etc.’ (Arya 2018)
Khrag rlung	Involves excess of both rlung and khrag (‘blood’)	Symptoms of either snying rlung or srog rlung, along with irritability, headaches, nosebleeds and high blood pressure. (cf Jacobson 2002: 274 n.5)