Table 2.
Obesity-related alterations in chemokine, cytokine, and interferon stimulated genes at baseline and during influenza infection in murine models of obesity.
| Analyte | Model | Effect at baseline | Effect during infection | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TGFβ | DIO | ↓ Lung concentration; ↑ lung mRNA expression; ↑ BALF concentration | ↓ Lung concentration | (27, 67) |
| TNFα | DIO | ↑ Plasma concentration; ↑ lung mRNA expression; ↑ BALF concentration | ↑ BALF concentration at 8 dpi; delayed lung mRNA expression ↑ at 3 and 6 dpi; delayed BALF concentration 3 and 8 dpi; ↓ lung concentration fold increase at 1 and 3 dpi; ↑ circulating concentration fold increase at 3 dpi | (26, 46, 55, 67–70) |
| DB | ↑ BALF concentration at 4 dpi | |||
| G-CSF | DIO | ↑ Lung concentration | ↓ Lung concentration at 3 dpi; delayed BALF concentration ↑ at 3 and 8 dpi | (27, 70) |
| IL-1β | DIO | ↓ Lung mRNA expression at 3 dpi; ↓ BALF concentration at 3 dpi; ↓ lung concentration fold increase at 1 and 3 dpi; ↑ lung concentration at 4 dpi; ↑ circulating concentration from baseline at 3 dpi | (55, 70–72) | |
| IL-2 | DIO | ↓ LN mRNA expression at 3 and 7 dpi | (26) | |
| IL-5 | DIO | ↓ BALF concentration at 3 dpi | (70) | |
| IL-6 | DIO | Fewer macrophages producing ↑ at 3 dpi; delayed lung mRNA expression at 3 and 6 dpi, delayed BALF concentration ↑ at 3 and 8 dpi, ↑ lung and serum concentration at 4 dpi | (26, 70–72) | |
| IL-12 | DIO | ↓ LN mRNA expression at 3 and 7 dpi | (71) | |
| IL-12p70 | DIO | ↓ BALF concentration at 3 dpi | (70) | |
| IL-13 | DIO | Delayed BALF concentration at 3 and 8 dpi | (70) | |
| Leptin | DIO | ↑ Serum concentration; ↑ lung mRNA expression | ↑ Serum concentration ↑ at 2, 4, and 6 dpi; ↓ circulating concentration fold increase at 3 dpi | (26, 44, 55, 67, 72) |
| Adiponectin | DIO | ↓ Serum concentration; ↓ lung mRNA expression | ↓ Serum concentration at 2 and 6 dpi | (26, 67, 72) |
| CXCL1/KC | DIO | ↑ Plasma concentration | ↑ BALF concentration at 8 dpi | (46, 50, 68) |
| OB | ↑ BALF concentration increase at 8 dpi | |||
| CXCL2/ MIP2α | DIO | ↑ Plasma concentration | ↑ Lung concentration at 4 dpi | (68, 72) |
| CXCL10/ IP-10 | DIO | ↑ Plasma concentration | ↓ Lung mRNA expression at 1 dpi; delayed BALF ↑ concentration at 3 and 8 dpi | (68, 70) |
| CCL2/ MCP-1 | DIO | ↑ BALF concentration at 8 dpi; ↓ lung mRNA expression at 3 dpi | (46, 71) | |
| CCL3/ MIP1α | DIO | ↓ BALF concentration at 3 dpi; ↑ lung concentration at 4 dpi | (70, 72) | |
| CCL5/ RANTES | DIO | ↑ Plasma concentration | Delayed lung mRNA expression at 3 and 6 dpi; ↓ BALF concentration at 3 and 8 dpi | (68, 70, 72) |
| CCL7/ MCP3 | DIO | ↑ Plasma concentration | (68) | |
| CCL11/ Eotaxin | DIO | Delayed BALF concentration 3 and at 8 dpi | (70) | |
| IFNα | DIO | ↓ Lung mRNA expression at 2 dpi | (26) | |
| IFNβ | DIO | ↓ Lung mRNA expression at 2 and 3 dpi | (26) | |
| IFNγ | DIO | ↑ Circulating concentration fold increase at 3 dpi | ||
| Irf7 | OB | ↓ Alveolar macrophage mRNA expression | ↓ Alveolar macrophage mRNA expression at 1 dpi; ↓ lung mRNA expression fold-increase at 1 dpi | (54, 70) |
| Oas1a | DIO | ↓ Lung mRNA expression fold-increase at 1 dpi | (70) | |
| Oas1g | OB | ↓ Alveolar macrophage mRNA expression; ↓ epithelial cell mRNA expression | ↓ Alveolar macrophage mRNA expression at 1 dpi | (54) |
| Ifit1 | OB | ↓ Alveolar macrophage mRNA expression | ↓ Alveolar macrophage mRNA expression at 1 dpi | (54) |
| Mx2 | DIO | ↓ Lung mRNA expression fold-increase at 1 dpi | (70) |
↑increased, ↓decreased, LN, lymph node; BALF, bronchial alveolar lavage fluid. Fold increase is measured as the fold increase from baseline of uninfected obese mice; delayed increase in expression or concentration relates to a delayed increase from baseline as compared to the immune response in matched WT mice.