Table 1.

Lipid-based nanoparticles used in cancer treatment: clinical trials and in vivo and in vitro studies in relation to some of the most frequent cancers.

Cancer Type	NP Type	Target	Drug or Cargo	SS	Detection Method	Combined Therapy	Status	Reference
Gastric	Liposome	Integrin α5β1	RGD Peptide & ICG	PEG	CoM, FC & IVV imaging		IVT + IVV	[49]
	Liposome	SATB1	SATB1 siRNA	CD44 antibody	FC		IVT	[50]
	Liposome	Affinity ligand	Plasmid DNA & Tumor-homing peptides	PEG	FC& IVV imaging		IVT + IVV	[51]
	SLN	TopII	Etoposide (VP16)				IVT	[52]
	SLN	AEG-1, Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk cascade pathway & ReA receptors	miR-542-3p & Sorafenib	PEG		All-trans ReA	IVT	[53]
	SLN	Tubulin & Hsp90	PTX			17-AAG	IVT + IVV	[54]
	NLC	TopII	Etoposide (VP16)				IVT + IVV	[55]
	NLC	TopII	Etoposide (VP16)			CUR	IVT + IVV	[56]
	NLC	Thymidylate synthase	5-FU-stearic acid prodrug	Hyaluronic acid		Cisplatin	IVT + IVV	[57]
Esophageal	Liposome		Rhenium 188		NanoSPECT/CT scanner system		IVT + IVV	[58]
	Liposome	Thymidylate synthase	LY294002	PEG		5-FU	IVT + IVV	[59]
Colorectal	ME	Thymidylate synthase	5-FU				IVT + IVV	[60]
	PE		CUR				IVT	[61]
	Liposome	TopII	DOX	attenuated Salmonella		HIFU	IVT + IVV	[62]
	Liposome	Thymidylate synthase	5-FU	FoA			IVT + IVV	[63]
	Niosome	Protein-tyrosine kinase	IM				IVT	[64]
	Cubosome		Cisplatin			Metformin	IVT	[125]
	SLN		Omega-3 PUFA—DHA & Linoleic acid (LNA)				IVT	[65]
	SLN	TopII	DOX	FoA & Dextran		SPIONs/high-frequency magnetic field (HFMF)	IVT + IVV	[66]
	NLC	TopI	IRI	Hyaluronic acid			IVT	[67]
Pancreatic	ME		Cur	Stearoyl chitosan	Optical microscopy SEM		IVT + IVV	[68]
	NE		Gemcitabine			γ-tocotrienol isomer of vitamin E	IVT	[69]
	PE	Neu1	OsP				IVT	[70]
	Liposome	NF-kappaB	EF24	PEG	TEM	Gemcitabine	IVT + IVV	[71]
	Liposome		HSA-PTX & HSA-Ellagic acid		Inverted FM		IVT + IVV	[72]
	Liposome		nal-IRI & 5-FU/leucovorin				CT Phase III	[74]
Liver	ME		Cur		FM		IVT	[78]
	ME		Coix seed components	Octanoyl galactose ester	In vivo near-infrared imaging system		IVT + IVV	[79]
	PE	TopII	DOX & ICG	Galactose	NIR fluorescence imaging	NIR laser irradiation	IVT + IVV	[80]
	Liposome		Cantharidin	PEG			IVT + IVV	[81]
	Liposome		Cur	Glycyrrhetinic acid			IVT + IVV	[82]
	Liposome			miR-34a mimic			CT—Phase 1	[83]
	Cubosome	Thymidylate synthase	5-FU				IVT + IVV	[76]
	SLN		Sorafenib			SPIONs	IVT	[77]
	NLC	Tubulin	PTX				IVT + IVV	[75]
GBM	ME		Cur			DHA-rich oil	IVT + IVV	[86]
	NE		Cur				IVT + IVV	[85]
	Liposome	Tf receptors (TfR)	DOX	Tf & PFV		Erlotinib	IVT	[87]
	Liposome	MGMT gene	O6BTG derivative		LIFU			[91]
	Liposome		Myocet® (DOX)				CT—Phase I	[92]
	Liposome	TopI	nal-IRI				CT—Phase I	[93]
	SLN	LRP-1	Docetaxel	Angiopep-2	Real time fluorescence imaging		IVT + IVV	[88]
	NLC		Ferulic acid				IVT	[89]
	NLC		TMZ	Lactoferrin & RGD peptide		Vincristine	IVT + IVV	[90]
Lung	NE		9-bromo-noscapine	Spray dried lactose			IVT + IVV	[94]
	NE		Lipophilic diferuloylmethane				IVT + IVV	[95]
	NE		Cur	Tween80 & LipodS75			IVT + IVV	[96]
	NE	Tubulin	Docetaxel				IVT	[97]
	NE		Lycobetaine & oleic acid (OA)	PEG-lecithin & nRGD peptide			IVT + IVV	[98]
	Liposome	Tubulin	PTX			Carboplatin & Gemcitabine	CT Phase III	[102]
	SLN	Tubulin	PTX	miR-34a	FC& CoM		IVT + IVV	[99]
	SLN	Tubulin & Tf receptors (TfR)	Docetaxel & Baicalin	PEG, Tf & Hydrazone			IVT + IVV	[100]
	NLC	Tubulin & Glucose receptor	Gemcitabine & PTX	Glucose receptor-targeting ligand	FC& CoM		IVT	[101]
Breast	NE	TopII& P-gp	DOX & W198		Whole body fluorescence imaging		IVT + IVV	[103]
	Liposome		DOX	PEG		Lapatinib	CT Phase Ib	[104]
	Liposome		Myocet©			Cyclophosphamide (MC) or vinorelbine (MV)	CT Phase III	[105]
	Niosome		Tamoxifen citrate (TXC)				IVT + IVV	[108]
	Niosome		TQ		Fluorescence Imaging & NIR	Akt-siRNA	IVT + IVV	[114]
	Archaeosomes		PTX				IVT	[115]
	Cubosomes	TopII	Etoposide (VP16)	FoA-P407			IVT + IVV	[116]
	SLN		PTX & DNA	Hyaluronic acid			IVT + IVV	[117]
	SLN		Methotrexate	Fucose			IVT + IVV	[118]
	NLC	HER2+	ATP aptamer-EGCG-protamine sulfate	HER2 aptamer			IVT + IVV	[119]
	NLC	TopII & NQO-1	Lapachone & DOX		Confocal laser scanning microscopy		IVT + IVV	[120]
Prostate	NE		Taxoid prodrug	Omega-3 fatty acid	CoM		IVT + IVV	[121]
	NE		Catechin extract		TEM		IVT	[122]
	Liposome		Oleuropein	PEG	CoM		IVT + IVV	[123]
	Liposome	LRP-1	Docetaxel	PEG	FM		IVT + IVV	[124]

Status: IVT—In vitro; IVV—In vivo; CT—Clinical Trial. Confocal Microscopy—CoM; Curcumin-CUR; Indocyanine green—ICG; Flow cytometry—FC; Fluorescent microscopy—FM; Folic Acid—FoA; microRNA-34a—miR-34a; Lipoprotein receptor related protein 1—LRP-1; Retinoic Acid—ReA; Surface functionalization—SS; Transferrin—Tf; Topoisomerase I—TopI; Topoisomerase II—TopII.