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(A–D) Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images in two magnitudes (×1000, 5000) of stainless steel substrates with/without polycaffeic acid coating. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) spectra showing the main components present on the surface of (E) etched stainless steel 316L and (F) stainless steel 316L coated with polycaffeic acid.
