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Surface analysis via (A,B) EDS mapping of the elemental species on the surface of etched stainless steel 316L and stainless steel 316L coated with polycaffeic acid. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) surface atomic force microscopy (AFM) images (2 µm × 2 µm); (C,D) etched stainless steel 316L foil; and (E,F) stainless steel 316L foil coated with polycaffeic acid.
