Figure 4.

(a) Schematics of the fabrication method for “liposome-in-liposome”, and in vitro transcription and transcription/translation in “artificial nuclei” and “cytoplasm” [96]. Scale bar: 50 µm. Reproduced with permission from [96]. (b) Artificial gel-based organelles in W/O emulsion that exhibit transcription and translation in each artificial organelle [98]. Reproduced with permission from [98]. (c) Schematics of a biomimetic enzyme cascade reaction in the microcapsule and a microscopic image of the microcapsule with three-cores [99]. Scale bar: 400 µm. Reproduced with permission from [99]. (d) A schematic of the enzymatic pathway containing a living cell as an organelle-like bioreactor and sequential microscopic images representing a successful reaction with the aid of the cell [100]. Reproduced with permission from [100].